Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T09:47:14.248Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Interstratified Montmorillonite-Mica Clays from Subsoils of the Prairie Provinces, Western Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

H. Kodama  and
J. E. Brydon
H. Kodama
Affiliation:
Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada
J. E. Brydon
Affiliation:
Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Samples of glacial till and lacustrine soil clays selected over a distance of 900 miles across the Canadian Prairie Provinces were examined in detail by X-ray, chemical, thermal, infrared-absorption and electron-microscope methods. All of the experimental evidence indicated a marked similarity among the samples. The dominant component was an 18 Å phase when glycerol-solvated, which was identified as a randomly interstratified montmorillonite-mica. This was associated with minor amounts of a 10 Å phase (randomly interstratified mica-montmorillonite), kaolinite and quartz. Fourier transforms of the basal series of reflections gave contents of expanded material (montmorillonite) near 55 per cent, whereas calculation of the chemical formula gave near 80 per cent montmorillonite in the interstratified component. The Fourier transforms confirmed the random nature of the interstratification but also showed a tendency to zonal segregation of the mica and montmorillonite layers. On the basis of the chemical formula, the Greene-Kelly test and the infrared spectra, the swelling layer composition was intermediate between that of beidellite and that of Wyoming bentonite.

Although there were no large differences between the samples, the small differences suggested two trends differentiating the till samples and the lacustrine samples: (1) The proportion of the expanded component of the interstratified mineral tended to be less in the lacustrine than in the till samples. (2) The composition of the expanding layers in the lacustrine samples tended to be nearer to the Wyoming bentonite composition than were the till samples. These trends are likely related to K fixation during or after deposition of the lacustrine materials, whereby the expanding layers with a beidellitic composition would be pre-empted leaving layers more similar to Wyoming bentonite.

Type
General Session
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) , Volume 13 , February 1964 , pp. 151 - 173
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 1964

Footnotes

Contribution Number 119, Soil Research Institute.

References

Aguilera, N. E., and Jackson, M. L. (1953) Iron oxide removal from soils and clays, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 17, 359–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, J. A. (1943) Pes. Council Alberta (Can.) Geol. Div. Rep. 34, Parts I-V.Google Scholar
Brown, G., (Editor) (1961) X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals, 2nd ed., Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
Brown, G., and Norrish, K. (1952) Hydrous micas, Mineral. Mag. 29, 929–32.Google Scholar
Brydon, J. E., and Heystek, H. (1958) A mineralogical and chemical study of the dikeland soils of Nova Scotia, Can. J. Soil Sci. 38, 171–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brydon, J. E., Rice, H. M., and Scott, G. S. (1963) The recovery of clays from suspension by freeze-drying, Can. J. Soil Sci. 43, 404–5, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, P. J. S., and Far volden, R. N. (1959) The clay mineralogy and chemistry of the Bearpaw formation of Southern Alberta, Res. Council Alberta (Can.) Geol. Div. Bull. 4, 1–44.Google Scholar
Byström, A. M. (1954) “ Mixed layer “ minerals from the Ordovician bentonite beds of Kinnekulle, Sweden, Nature 173, 783–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, E. A. (1959) Glacial Geology of the Swift Current Area, Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Dep. Mineral Resources, Rep. 32.Google Scholar
Clark, J. S., aud Hill, R. G. (1964) The pH-per cent base saturation relationships of soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28, 490–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, W. F. (1955) Interpretation of differential thermal curves of mixed layer minerals of illite and montmorillonite, Nature 175, 384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, W. A., Poyser, E. A., Pratt, L. E., and Ellis, J. H. (1953) Report of reconnaissance soil survey of Winnipeg and Morris map sheet area, Manitoba Soil Surv., Soil Rep. 5.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, W. A., Pratt, L. E., and Poyser, E. A. (1956) Report of reconnaissance soil survey of Rossburn and Yirden map sheet areas, Manitoba Soil Surv., Soil Rep, 6.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, W. A., Rice, E. M., and Ellis, J. H, (1955). Influence of the composition of parent materials on soil formation in Manitoba, Can. J. Agr, Sci. 35, 407–21.Google Scholar
Forman, S. A., and Rice, E. M. (1959) A mineralogical study of some core samples from the Bearpaw formation, Can. J. Soil Sci. 39, 178–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, M. D. (1953) Geochemical studies of clay minerals, III, The determination of free silica and free alumina in montmorillonites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 3, 143–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geological Survey of Canada (1963) Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada, (Edited by Stockwell, C. H.), Geological Map of Canada, Map 1045A.Google Scholar
Gravenor, C. P., and Bayrock, L. A. (1961) Glacial deposits of Alberta, Soils in Canada, (Edited by Legget, R. E.), pp. 33–50.Google Scholar
Greene-Kelly, R. (1953) The identification of montmorillonoids, J. Soil Sci. 4, 233–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grim, R. E., and Kulbicki, G. (1961) Montmorillonite: high temperature reactions and classification, Am. Mineralogist 46, 1329–69.Google Scholar
Hendricks, S. V., and Teller, E. (1942) X-ray interference in partially ordered layer lattices, J. Chem. Phys. 10, 147–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J. M., and Turner, D. S. (1953) Determination of mineral constituents of rocks by infrared spectroscopy: Anal. Chem. 25, 1169–74.Google Scholar
Jackson, M. L. (1956) Soil Chemical Analysis—Advanced Course, Published by Author. Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Johns, W. D., Grim, R. E., and Bradley, W. F. (1954) Quantitative estimations of clay minerals by diffraction methods, J. Sediment. Petrol. 24, 242–51.Google Scholar
Jones, F. W. (1938) The measurement of particle size by the X-ray method, Proc. Roy. Soc. [London) A 166, 16–43.Google Scholar
Kinter, E. V., and Diamond, S. (1958) Gravimetric determination of monolayer glycerol complexes of clay minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, Nat. Acad. Sci.—Nat. Res. Council, Publ. 566, pp. 318–33.Google Scholar
Kodama, H., and Oinuma, K. (1963) Identification of kaolin minerals in the presence of chlorite by X-ray diffraction and infra-red absorption spectra, Clays and Clay Minerals, 11th Conf. [1962], pp. 236–49, Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lerbekmo, J. F. (1963) Petrology of the Belly River formation, Southern Alberta foothills, Sedimentology 2, 54–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C. (1956) Fourier transform methods for studying X-ray scattering from lamellar system, I, A direct method for analyzing interstratified mixtures, Kolloid-Z. 149, 96–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C. (1958) Fourier transform methods for studying X-ray scattering from lamellar systems, II, The calculation of X-ray diffraction effects for various types of interstratification, Kolloid-Z. 156, 61–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, J., Moss, H. C., Clayton, J. S., and Edmunds, F. N. (1947). Soil Survey of southern Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Soil Surv. Rep. 12.Google Scholar
Morita, N., and Rice, H. M. (1955) Characterization of organic substances by differential thermal analysis, Anal. Chem. 27, 336–9, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oinuma, K., and Kobayashi, K. (1961) Problems of rapid clay mineralogical analysis of sedimentary rocks, Clay Sci. 1, 8–15.Google Scholar
Pawluk, S. (1961) Mineralogical composition of some Grey-Wooded Soils developed from glacial till, Can. J. Soil Sci. 41, 228–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, H. M., Forman, S. A., and Patry, L. M. (1959) A study of some profiles from major soil zones in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Can. J. Soil Sci. 39, 165–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St. Arnaud, R. J., and Mortland, M. M. (1963) Characteristics of the clay fractions in a Chernozemic to Podzolic sequence of soil profiles in Saskatchewan, Can. /. Soil Sci. 43, 336–4-9.Google Scholar
Stubičan, V., and Roy, R. (1961) Isomorphous substitution and infra-red spectra of layer lattice silicates, Am. Mineralogist 46, 32–51.Google Scholar
Sudo, T., Oinuma, K., and Kobayashi, K. (1961) Mineralogical problems concerning rapid clay mineral analysis of sedimentary rocks, Acta Univ. Carolinae, Geol. 1, 189–219.Google Scholar
Walker, G. F. (1949) Distinction of vermiculites, chlorites and montmorillonites in clays, Nature 164, 577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warder, F. G., and Dion, H. G. (1952) The nature of the clay minerals in some Saskatchewan soils, Sci. Agr. 32, 535–47.Google Scholar
Warren, B. E. (1941) X-ray diffraction in random layer lattice, Phys. Rev. 59, 693–8, .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C. E. (1956) The distribution and identification of mixed-layer clays in sedimentary rocks, Am. Mineralogist 41, 202–21.Google Scholar
Weaver, C. E. (1959) The clay petrology of sediments, Clays and Clay Minerals 6th Conf. [1957], pp. 154–87, Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar