Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T02:36:13.976Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Frequency Distribution of Clay Minerals in Major Great Soil Groups as Related to the Factors of Soil Formation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

M. L. Jackson
M. L. Jackson*
Affiliation:
Department of Soils, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The frequency distribution or relative abundance of minerals in soils varies with the five principal classes of factors that govern soil formation. The characteristics of the minerals of the parent material, the time factor, climatic factors, relief factors and biotic factors each can be shown to have important independent effects on clay mineralogy of soils under proper circumstances. The soil parent material exerts a control over the frequency distribution of minerals in soils by introduction of the clay minerals into the soil directly, by controlling the course of chemical weathering in the soil through the relative susceptibility of its minerals to weathering, by furnishing abundant divalent metallic cations, by impediment of drainage, or by acceleration of leaching when highly permeable. The time factor is conspicuous as long times give an advanced degree of weathering even in temperate climates. Climate is important, since highly weathered materials inevitably occur as a result of intense leaching in warm tropical and equatorial climates. Relief is important in concentrating leaching water and metallic cations, in affecting oxidation or reduction. The biotic factor affects minerals conspicuously where an A0 horizon develops and resulting cheluviation moves R2O3 out of the A2 horizon.

Inherited minerals such as illite, quartz, feldspars, ferro-magnesian minerals, carbonates and gypsum are most abundant in clays of little-weathered parent materials and soils of the zonal Desert, Brown, Chestnut and Tundra soils as well as intrazonal Mountain groups and azonal Regosols and Lithosols. Secondary layer silicate minerals such as vermiculite, secondary chlorite, montmorillonite, kaolinite and halloysite are most abundant in clays of moderately weathered parent materials and soils of the zonal Chernozem, Prairie, Gray—Brown Podzolic, Podzol, Red—Yellow Podzolic, and Low Humic Latosol groups as well as intrazonal Planosol, Rendzina, Dark Magnesium soil, and Wiesenboden groups. Secondary sesquioxide minerals such as hematite, goethite, allophane, gibbsite and anatase and residual resistant primary minerals such as ilmenite and magnetite predominate in the more highly weathered parent materials and soils of the zonal Ferruginous Humic Latosols, Hydrol Humic Latosols, Latosolic Brown, and Ando soils and Laterites, as well as the intrazonal Tropical Savannah and Ground Water Podzol ortstein soils.

Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) , Volume 6 , February 1957 , pp. 133 - 143
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 1957

References

Aguilera, N. E. and Jackson, M. L. (1953) Iron oxide removal from soils and clays: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 17, pp. 359–364; v. 18, pp. 223, 350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, L. T., Hendricks, S. B. and Faust, G. T. (1942) Occurrence of gibbsite in some soil-forming materials: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 6, pp. 52–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, L. T., Hendricks, S. B. and Nelson, R. A. (1939) Minerals present in soil colloids IT. Estimation in some representative soils: Soil Sci., v. 48, pp. 273–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barshad, Isaac (1948) Vermiculite and its relation to biotite as revealed by base exchange reactions, x-ray analyses, differential thermal curves, and water content: Amer. Min., v. 33, pp. 655–678.Google Scholar
Beavers, A. H. (1957) Source and deposition of clay minerals in Peorian loess: Science, v. 125, p. 1285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidwell, O. W. and Page, J. B. (1951) The effect of weathering on the clay mineral composition of soils in the Miami Catena: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 15, pp. 314–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, R. H. (1937) Chemical and physical changes in soil colloids with advancing development in Illinois soils: Soil Sci., v. 43, pp. 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, B. E. and Jackson, M. L. (1958) Clay-mineral distribution in the Hiawatha sandy soils of northern Wisconsin, in Olays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Res. Council pub. 566, pp. 213–226.Google Scholar
Chang, S. C. and Jackson, M. L. (1958) Soil phosphorus fractions in some representative soils: J. Soil. Sci., v. 9, pp. 109–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, N. T., Jackson, M. L. and Mehlich, A. (1950) Mineral composition of the clay fraction: II. of several coastal plain, Piedmont, and Mountain soils of North Carolina: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 10, pp. 81–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, R. and Jackson, M. L. (1946) Mineral composition of the clay fraction of several coastal plain soils of southeastern United States: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 10, pp. 381–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, J. A. (1954) Transformations of clay minerals in black earths and red loams of basaltic origin: Austral. J. Agric. Res., v. 5, pp. 98–108.Google Scholar
Fieldes, M. and Swindale, L. D. (1954) Chemical weathering of silicates in soil formation: New Zealand J. Sci. Tech., v. 36, pp. 140–154.Google Scholar
Goldman, M. I. and Tracey, J. I. Jr. (1946) Relations of bauxite and kaolin in the Arkansas bauxite deposits: Econ. Geol., v. 41, pp. 567–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hosking, J. S., Neilson, M. E. and Carthew, A. R. (1957) A study of clay mineralogy and particle size: Austral. J. Agrie. Res., v. 8, pp. 45–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hseung, Y. and Jackson, M. L. (1952) Mineral composition of the clay fraction: III. o some main soil groups of China: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 16, pp. 294–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M. L., Hseung, Y., Corey, R. B., Evans, E. J. and Vanden Heuvel, R. C. (1952) Weathering sequence of clay-sizo minerals in soils and sediments: II. Chemical weathering of layer silicates: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 16, pp. 3–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M. L, and Sherman, G. D. (1953) Chemical weathering of minerals in soils: Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press, v. 5, pp. 219–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M. L., Tyler, S. A., Willis, A. L., Bourbeau, G. A. and Pennington, R. P. (1948) Weathering sequence of clay-size minerals in soils and sediments: I. Fundamental generalizations: J. Phys. Göll. Chem., v. 52, pp. 1237–1260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M. L., Whittig, L. D., Vanden Heuvel, R. C., Kaufman, A. and Brown, B. E. (1954) Some analyses of soil montmorin, vermiculite, mica, chlorite, and inter- stratified layer silicates, in Clays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Res. Council pub. 327, pp. 218–240.Google Scholar
Jeffries, C. D., Rolfe, B. N. and Kunze, G. W. (1953) Mica weathering sequence in the Highfield and Chester soil profiles: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 17, pp. 337–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenny, H. (1941) Factors of Soil Formation: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 281 pp.Google Scholar
Kelley, W. P., Woodford, A. O., Dore, W. H. and Brown, S. M. (1939) Comparative study of the colloids of a Cecil and Susquehanna soil profile: Soil Sci., v. 47, pp. 175–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klages, M. G. and White, J. L. (1957) A chlorite-like mineral in Indiana soils: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 21, pp. 16–20.Google Scholar
Kunze, G. W. and Templin, E. H. (1956) Houston Black clay, the type grumusol: II Mineralogical and chemical characterization: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 20, pp. 91–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C. (1948) A trioctahedral montmorillonite derived from biotite: 18th Int. Geol. Gong., vol. of Mies and abstracts, p. 128, abstract 386.Google Scholar
Muckenhirn, R. J., Whiteside, E. P., Templin, E. H., Chandler, R. F. Jr. and Alexander, L. T. (1949) Soil classification and the genetic factors of soil formation: Soil. Sci., v. 67, pp. 93–105.Google Scholar
Murray, H. H. and Leininger, R. K. (1956) Effect of weathering on clay minerals: in Clays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Res. Council pub. 456, pp. 340–347.Google Scholar
Peterson, J. B. (1946) Effect of Pennsylvanian sediments on the properties of a Gray- Brown Podzolic soil of Iowa: Iowa J. Sci., v. 20, pp. 195–211.Google Scholar
Retzer, J. L. (1956) Alpine soils of the Rocky Mountains: J. Soil Sci., v. 7, pp. 22–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, C. I. and Obonshain, S. S. (1955) Chemical and clay mineral properties of a Red- Yellow Podzolic soil derived from muscovite schist: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 19, pp. 334–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolfe, B. N. and Jeffries, C. D. (1952) A new criterion for weathering of soils: Science, v. 116, pp. 599–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, C. S. and Hendricks, S. B. (1945) Minerals of the montmorillonite group, their origin and relation to soils and clays: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 205-B, pp. 23–79.Google Scholar
Sawhney, B. L. and Jackson, M. L. (1958) Soils montmorillonite formulas: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 22, pp. 115–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmehl, W. R. and Jackson, M. L. (1957) Mineralogical analyses of soil clays from Colorado surface soils: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 21, pp. 373–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swindale, L. D. and Jackson, M. L. (1956) Genetic processes in some residual podzolised soils of New Zealand: Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Soil Sci., v. 5, pp. 233–23.Google Scholar
Tamura, T., Jackson, M. L. and Sherman, G. D. (1953) Mineral content of Low Humic, Humic and Hydrol Humic Latosols of Hawaii: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 17, pp. 343–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamura, T., Jackson, M. L. and Sherman, G. D. (1955) Mineral content of a Latosolic Brown Forest soil and a Humic Ferruginous Latosol of Hawaii: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 19, pp. 435–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanada, T. (1951) Certain properties of the inorganic colloidal fraction of the Hawaiian soils: J. Soil Sci., v. 2, pp. 83–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorp, James and Smith, G. D. (1949) Higher categories of soil classification: Order, suborder, and great soil groups: Soil Sci., v. 67, pp. 117–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, G. F. (1949) The decomposition of biotite in the soil: Min. Mag., v. 28, pp. 693–703.Google Scholar
Walker, G. F. (1950) Trioctahedral minerals in the soil-clays of north-east Scotland: Min. Mag., v. 29, pp. 72–84.Google Scholar
White, J. L. (1951) Transformation of illite into montmorillonite: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., v. 15, pp. 129–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, J. L. (1956) Reactions of molten salts with layer-lattice silicates: in Clays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Res. Council pub. 456, pp. 133–146.Google Scholar
Whittig, L. D. and Jackson, M. L. (1955) Interstratified layer silicates in some soils of northern Wisconsin: in Clays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Res. Council pub. 395, pp. 322–336.Google Scholar
Whittig, L. D. and Jackson, M. L. (1956) Mineral content and distribution as indexes of weathering in the Omega and Ahmeek soils of northern Wisconsin, in Clays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.-Natl. Res. Council pub. 456, pp. 362–371.Google Scholar