Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T23:20:34.447Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Texture and orientation of kaolin in coatings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

N. J. Elton ,
L. F. Gate  and
J. J. Hooper
N. J. Elton
Affiliation:
English China Clays plc, Central Research, St Austell, Cornwall PL25 4DJ, UK
L. F. Gate
Affiliation:
English China Clays plc, Central Research, St Austell, Cornwall PL25 4DJ, UK
J. J. Hooper
Affiliation:
English China Clays plc, Central Research, St Austell, Cornwall PL25 4DJ, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

X-ray diffraction (XRD), infra red (IR) spectroscopy, gloss goniophotometry and stylus profilometry were used to investigate the alignment of kaolinite applied as a thin coating on a polyester film substrate. The principles and applicability of the analytical methods are reviewed and discussed in the context of a kaolinite coating. X-ray diffraction and transmission IR were used to measure kaolinite misalignment and orientation distribution in the coating. Transmission IR measures the coating bulk; XRD data are surface biased, but contain contributions from the bulk. Attenuated total reflectance-IR (ATR-IR) provides a direct measure of kaolinite alignment within ~1 µm of the coating surface and also allows an assessment of surface smoothness. Gloss goniophotometry and contact profilometry measure surface microroughness and macroroughness, respectively, rather than kaolinite particle orientation. However, the properties of roughness and orientation are related. Bulk and surface texture are not necessarily correlated and a combined approach using both bulk and surface sensitive techniques is required for a full understanding of coating structure.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , March 1999 , pp. 89 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Khalissi, F. & Worrall, W.E. (1982) The effect of crystallinity on the quantitative determination of kaolinit. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc, 81, 43–46.Google Scholar
Auskern, A. & Grimshaw, R.W. (1955) The hydroxyl region of the infra-red spectrum of kaolin minerals. Am. Miner. 40, 779.Google Scholar
Azzam, R.M.A. & Bashara, N.M. (1987) Ellipsometry and Polarised Light, p. 274. North Holland, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Beckmann, P. & Spizzichino, A. (1963) The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, pp. 70-98. Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bennett, J.M. & Mattsson, L. (1989) Introduction to Surface Roughness and Scattering, p. 51. Optical Society of America, Washinton, DC.Google Scholar
Borg, I.Y. & Smith, D.K. (1969) Calculated X-ray Powder Patterns for Silicate Minerals, pp. 533-535. Geological Society of America, memoir 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunge, H.J. (1985) Representation of preferred orientations. Pp. 73-108 in: Preferred Orientation in Deformed Metals and Rocks: an Introduction to Modern Texture Analysis (Wenk, H.-R., editor). Academic Press, Orlando, FL.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. (1964) Infrared absorption of hydroxyl groups in kaolinite. Science, 145, 1189–1190. Farmer, V.C. (1974) The Infrared Spectra of Minerals, p. 41. Monograph No. 4, The Mineralogical Society, London.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gane, P.A.C. & Hooper, J.J. (1989) An evaluation of interactions between coating colour and basepaper by coating profile analysis. Pp. 871-894 in: Trans. 9th Fundamental Research Symp., Cambridge, (Baker, & Punton, , editors). Mech. Eng. Publications.Google Scholar
Gane, P.A.C., Baumeister, M. & Hooper, J.J. (1991) A determination of the influence of furnish content on formation and basesheet profile stability during coating. Pp. 157-168 in: Proc. 1991 Tappi Coating Conf. Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Gane, P.A.C., Grunwald, A. & Hooper, J.J. (1995) Coating pigment orientation: a comparative analysis of the application mechanisms and properties of blade and roll coatings. Pp. 383-390 in: Proc. 1995 Tappi Coating Conf. Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Gate, L.F. & Leaity, K. (1991) New aspects on the gloss of coated paper. Pp. 473-478 in: Proc. 1991 Tappi Coating Conf. Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Gate, L.F. & Parsons, D.J. (1993) The specular reflection of polarised light from coated paper. Pp. 263-284 in: Trans. 10th Fundamental Research Symp. Oxford. Google Scholar
Gate, L.F., Windle, W. & Hine, M. (1973) The relationships between gloss and microtexture of coatings. Tappi, 56, 61–65.Google Scholar
Giese, R.F. & Datta, P. (1973) Hydroxyl orientation in kaolinite, dickite and nacrite. Am. Miner. 58, 471–479.Google Scholar
Grandet, J. & Ollivier, J.P. (1980) Nouvelle méthode d'étude des interfaces ciment-granulats. 7th Int. Cong. Chem. Cem. 3(VII), 85-89.Google Scholar
Grunwald, A. (1993) Determination of the degree of clay particle alignment in paper coatings using IR and XRD techniques. Unpublished paper, science degree project report, Fachhochschule, Mflnchen and ECC International, Cornwall. Pp. 1-32.Google Scholar
Harrick, N.J. (1967) Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy, p. 30. Interscience Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Hiorns, A.G., Coggon, L., Renais, M.S., Elton, N.J. & McGenity, P. (1997) Effect of colour solids and blade angle on rotogravure coatings. Proc. 1997 PITA Conf. Edinburgh, March 1997 (unpublished).Google Scholar
Jacobs, H. (1971) Etude des hydroxyle de la kaolinite par Spectroscopic la Infrarouge. Thesis, Univ. Louvain, Belgium.Google Scholar
Kent, H.J., Climpson, N.A., Coggon, L., Hooper, J.J. & Gane, P.A.C. (1986) Applications of novel techniques for quantitative characterisation of Coating Structure. P. 103, in: Proc. 1986 Tappi Coating Conf. Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Klug, H.P. & Alexander, L.E. (1974) X-ray Diffraction Procedures, pp. 709-754. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Kortum, G. (1969) Reflectance Spectroscopy. P.316. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraske, D.J. (1960) Methods for the analysis of the physical structure of clay-starch coating films. Tappi, 43, 73–82.Google Scholar
Meeten, G.H. (1986) Optical Properties of Polymers. P. 9. Elsevier, London.Google Scholar
Schipp, F., Wade, W.R. & Simon, P. (1990) Walsh Series: an Introduction to Dyadic Harmonic Analysis, pp. 1-49. Adam Hilger, Bristol.Google Scholar
Wenkk, H.-R. (1985) Measurement of pole figures. Pp. 11 - 47 in: Preferred Orientation in Deformed Metals and Rocks: an Introduction to Modern Texture analysis (Wenk, H.-R., editor). Academic Press, Orlando, FL.Google Scholar