Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T07:16:40.232Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microwave irradiation used for all steps of pre-pillaring Al-montmorillonite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

S. Yapar ,
R. M. Torres Sánchez ,
M. Emreol ,
P. Weidler  and
K. Emmerich
S. Yapar*
Affiliation:
Ege University, Chemical Engineering Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
R. M. Torres Sánchez
Affiliation:
CETMIC, Camino Centenario y 506, (1897) M. B.Gonnet, Argentina
M. Emreol
Affiliation:
Ege University, Chemical Engineering Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
P. Weidler
Affiliation:
Institute of Functional Interfaces, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany
K. Emmerich
Affiliation:
Institute of Functional Interfaces, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany Competence Center for Material Moisture, University of Karlsruhe, Germany
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this study, a new procedure for the synthesis of pillared clays is proposed. Ageing processes and intercalation reactions were carried out using microwave irradiation in order to decrease the consumption of three industrially-important parameters; time, water consumption and energy. The effects of microwave irradiation, the amount of Al and the Al3+/clay ratio on the physicochemical properties of Al-pillared montmorillonites were investigated. The structural changes, depending on the intercalation and microwave irradiation, were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses and by measuring the specific surface area and pore-size distribution. Additionally, simultaneous thermal analyses (STA) and zeta potential measurements were carried out to determine physicochemical properties. According to the XRD measurements, the d001 value of microwave-irradiated samples is not affected by the amount of Al and the Al3+/clay ratio; microwave irradiation causes a 0.20 nm contraction in the d001 value in comparison to that of a conventionally pillared sample. The results of FTIR analyses reveal that the intensity of peaks assigned to Keggin-OH and Keggin-H2O stretches is diminished in the case of microwave-irradiated samples. The STA analyses indicate that the amount of water released during dehydroxylation is decreased in the case of microwave-irradiated samples. By considering the contraction in d001 values and the decreases in Keggin-stretching bands and also in the amount of dehydroxylation water, it was concluded that microwave irradiation has a calcination effect.

Keywords

STAXRDSEMisoelectric pointFTIRwater-vapour adsorption
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 44 , Issue 2 , June 2009 , pp. 267 - 278
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemana, S., Lahav, N. & Yariv, S. (1999) A thermo-FTIR spectroscopy analysis of Al-pillared smectites differing in source of charge in KBr disks. Thermochimica Ada, 340-341, 349–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altin, O., Ozberge, O. & Dogu, T. (1999) Effect of pH in an aqueous medium on the surface area, pore size distribution, density, and porosity of montmorillonite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 217, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunlu, M. & Yapar, S. (2007) Effect of OH¯/A13+ and Al3+/clay ratios on the adsorption properties of Al-pillared bentonites. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 306, 88–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aouad, A., Mandalia, T. & Bergaya, F. (2005) A novel method of Al-pillared montmorillonite preparation for potential industrial up-scaling. Applied Clay Science, 28, 175–182.Google Scholar
Bergaya, F. (1994) Focus on mixed pillaring and mixed Al3-xFex PILCs clays. Concerted European Action-Pillared Layered Structures, Newsletter 7, 11–12.Google Scholar
Bergaya, F. (1995) The meaning of surface area and porosity measurements of clays and pillared clays. Journal of Porous Materials, 2, 91-96.Google Scholar
Bergaya, F., Aouad, A. & Mandalia, T. (2006) Pillared clays and clay minerals. Pp. 393–421 in: Handbook of Clay Science (Bergaya, F., Theng, B.K.G. & Lagaly, G., editors), Elsevier, Amsterdam.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W. & Sempels, R.E. (1977) Preparation and properties of some hydroxy-aluminium beidellites. Clay Minerals, 12, 229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damonte, M., Torres Sánchez, R.M. & dos Santos Afonso, M. (2007) Some aspects of the glyphosate adsorption on montmorillonite and its calcined form. Applied Clay Science., 36, 86–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Andres, A.M., Merino, L., Galvan, J.C. & Ruiz-Hitzky, E. (1999) Synthesis of pillared clays assisted by microwaves. Material Research Bulletin, 34, 641–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Riego, A., Herrero, I., Pesquera, C., Blanco, C., Benito, I. & Gonzalez, F. (1994) Preparation of PILC-A1 through dialysis bags: a comparative study. Applied Clay Science, 9, 189–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmerich, K. (2000) Spontaneous rehydroxylation of a dehydroxylated Cz's-vacant montmorillonite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 405–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferraro, J.R. (1982) The Sadtler Infrared Spectra Handbook of Minerals and Clays, Sadtler Research Laboratories, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Fetter, G., Heredia, G., Maubert, A.M. & Bosch, P. (1996) Synthesis of Al-intercalated montmorillonites using microwave irradiation. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 6, 1857–1858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetter, G., Heredia, G., Velázquez, L.A., Maubert, A.M. & Bosch, P. (1997) Synthesis of aluminum-pillared montmorillonites using highly concentrated clay suspensions. Applied Catalysis A: General, 162, 41–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, Z., Li, D. & Pinnavaia, T.J. (1994) Preparation of Al-pillared bentonites with high thermal stability, regular microporosity and Lewis/Bronsted acidity. Microporous Materials, 3, 165–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, A. & Montes, M. (1994) Analysis of the microporosity in pillared clays. Langmuir, 10, 291–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, J. & Muldoon, J. (1977) In Electron and ion probe micro analysis. Plenum Press. New York.Google Scholar
Hu, Y. & Liu, X. (2003) Chemical composition and surface property of kaolins. Mineral Engineering, 16, 1279–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katdare, S.P., Ramaswamy, V. & Ramaswamy, A.V. (2000) Factors affecting the preparation of alumina-pillared montmorillonite employing ultrasonics. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 37, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kloprogge, J.T., Frost, R.L. & Fry, R. (1999) Infrared emission study of the thermal transformation mechanism of Al13-pillared clay. The Analyst, 124, 381–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraepiel, A.M. Keller, K. & Morel, F.M. (1999) A model for metal adsorption on montmorillonite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 210, 43–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leroy, P. & Revil, A. (2004) A triple layer model of the surface electrochemical properties of clay minerals. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 270, 371–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lombardi, B., Baschini, M. & Torres Sánchez, R.M. (2003) Bentonite deposits of northern Patagonia. Applied Clay Science, 845, 1–4.Google Scholar
Lombardi, B., Torres Sanchez, R.M., Eloy, P. & Genet, M. (2006) Interaction of thiabendazole and benzimidazole with montmorillonite. Applied Clay Science, 33, 59–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, S., Shields, J. Thomas, M. & Thommes, M. (2004) Pp. 189–212 in: Characterization of Porous Solids Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Madejová, J. & Komadel, P. (2001) Baseline studies of the Clay Minerals Society source clays: infrared methods. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 410–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnoli, A.P., Tallone, L., Rosa, C.A.R., Dalcero, A.M., Chiacchiera, S.M. & Torres Sanchez, R.M. (2008) Commercial bentonites as detoxifier of broiler feed contaminated with aflatoxin. Applied Clay Science, 40, 63–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohino, F., Avila, P., Salerno, P., Bahamonde, A. & Mendioroz, S. (2005) PILC-based monolithic catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by methane in oxygen excess. Catalysis Today, 107-108, 192–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Occelli, M.L., Bertrand, A.J., Gould, S.A.C. & Dominguez, J.M. (2000) Physicochemical characterization of a Texas montmorillonite pillared with polyoxocations of aluminum. Part I: The microporous structure. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 34, 195–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plee, D., Gatineau, L. & Fripiat, J.J. (1987) Pillaring process of smectites with and without tetrahedral substitution. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoonheydt, R.A., Van den Eynde, J., Tubbax, H., Leeman, H., Tyckens, M., Lenotte, I. & Stone, W.E.E. (1993) The Al-pillaring of clays. Part I: Pillaring with dilute and concentrated Al-solutions. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 598–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swarten-Allen, S.L. & Matijevic, E. (1974) Surface and colloid chemistry of clays. Chemical Reviews, 74, 385–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tombacz, E. & Szekeres, M. (2004) Colloidal behaviour of aqueous montmorillonite suspensions: the specific role of pH in the presence of indifferent electrolytes. Applied Clay Science, 27, 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomlinson, A.A.G. (1998) Characterization of pillared layered structures. Journal of Porous Materials, 5, 259–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres Sánchez, R.M. & Falasca, S. (1997) Specific surface and surface charges of some Argentinean soils. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernaehrung und Bodenkunde, 160, 223–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres Sánchez, R.M., Urrejola, D. & Baschini, M. (2005) Modificaciones en montmorillonita por intercambios en la intercapa (ión calcio y ácido húmico). XIV Congreso AFQQI. E-39 Termas de Río Hondo.Google Scholar
Tschapek, M., Torres Sanchez, R.M. and Wasowski, C. (1989) Handy methods for determining the iso-electric point of soils. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernaehrung und Bodenkunde, 152, 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volzone, C. & Torres Sánchez, R.M. (1993) Thermal and mechanical effects on natural and activated smectite structure. Colloids and Surfaces A, 81, 211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, N., Yılmaz, H. & Yapar, S. (2007) Removal of phenol using TDTAB- and HDTAB-bentonites. Energy Sources A, 29, 67–77.Google Scholar