Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T23:49:45.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Low-temperature diagenetic illite-smectite in Lower Cambrian clays in North Estonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

K. Kirsimäe ,
P. Jøgensen  and
V. Kalm
K. Kirsimäe
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu S1014, Estonia
P. Jøgensen
Affiliation:
Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5028, N-1432, Aas, Norway
V. Kalm
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu S1014, Estonia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Early Cambrian sediments on the East European platform in North Estonia, represented mostly by clays and silty clays, were deposited under normal marine conditions. The sediments were never affected by significant tectonic or thermal events after sedimentation 530 Ma ago, and the clays still have high water contents. The clay fraction, divided into four sub-fractions, was studied using X-ray methods and Rb/Sr dating. Decomposition of the XRD curves was used to quantify the amounts of illitic minerals in the sub-fractions. Dating by Rb/Sr showed that the finest fraction (<0.06 µm) was formed 50–150 Ma after sedimentation. The coarser fractions also contain considerable amounts of diagenetically formed minerals. This shows that neoformation of illitic minerals in marine sediments with high water/sediment ratios is a very important process even at temperatures <35°C.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 34 , Issue 1 , March 1999 , pp. 151 - 163
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bethke CM. & Altaner, S.P. (1986) Layer-by-layer mechanisms of smectite illitization and application to a new rate law. Clays Clay Miner. 34, 136–145.Google Scholar
Boles, J.F. & Franks, S.G. (1979) Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of southwest Texas: implications of smectite diagenesis on sandstone cementation. J. Sed. Pet. 49, 55–70.Google Scholar
Bowring, S.A., Grotzinger LP., Isachsen CE., Knoll, A.H., Pelechaty, S.M. & Kolosov, P. (1993) Calibrating rates of Early Cambrian Evolution. Science, 261, 1293–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brangulis, A., Nagle, A., Murnieks, A. & Sokurenko, A. (1978) Regularities on the distribution of clay minerals in Upper Proterozoic and Cambrian terrigenous sequence in Latvia. Pp. 87-97 in: Ocherky geologi Latvii (Brangulis, A., editor) Zinatne, Riga (in Russian).Google Scholar
Burst, J.F. (1959) Post diagenetic clay mineral — environment relationship in the Gulf Coast Eocene in clays and clay minerals. Clays Clay Miner. 6, 327–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burst, J.F. (1969) Diagenesis of Gulf Coast clayey sediments and its possible relation to petroleum migration. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 53, 73–93.Google Scholar
Clauer, N., O'Neil, J.R. & Furlan, S. (1995) Clay minerals as records of temperature conditions and duration of thermal anomalies in the Paris Basin, France. Clay Miner. 30, 597–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clauer, N., Zwingmann, H. & Chaudhuri, S. (1996) Isotopic (K-Ar) and oxygen constraints on the extent and importance of the Liassic hydrothermal activity in western Europe. Clay Miner. 31, 301–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuadros, J. & Linares, J. (1996) Experimental kinetic study of the smectite-to-illite transformation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 439–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D.D. (1993) Three zones for illite formation during burial diagenesis and metamorphism. Clays Clay Miner. 41, 26–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, W.C. & Aronson, J.L. (1987) Alleghanian episode of K-bentonite illitization in the southern Appalachian basin. Geology, 15, 735–739.Google Scholar
Essene, E.J. & Peacor, D.R. (1995) Clay mineral thermometry — a critical perspective. Clays Clay Miner. 43, 540–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firsov, L., Nikolajeva, I., Lebedev, Y. & Solntseva, S. (1971) Composition, origin and absolute age of micaceous minerals in Lower Cambrian blue clays of the Baltic Region. Trud. Inst. Geol. i Geo/., Sibirsk. Otdel. Akad. Nauk SSSR., 144, 165–192 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Gharrabi, M. & Velde, B. (1995) Clay mineral evolution in the Illinois Basin and its causes. Clay Miner. 30, 353–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glassman, J.R., Larter, S., Briedis, N.A. & Lundegard, P.D. (1989) Shale diagenesis in the Bergen High Area, North Sea. Clays Clay Miner. 37, 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorbatschev, R. & Bogdanova, S. (1993) Frontiers in the Baltic Shield. Precambrian Res. 64, 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorokhov, I.M., Clauer, N., Turchenco, T.L., Melnikov, N.N., Kutyavin, E.P., Pirrus, E. & Baskakov, A.V. (1994) Rb-Sr systematics of Vendian-Cambrian claystones from the east European Platform: implications for a multi-stage illite evolution. Chem. Geol. Ill, 71-89.Google Scholar
Hay, R.L., Lee, M., Kolata, D.R., Matthews, J.C. & Morton, J.B. (1988) Episodic potassic diagenesis of Ordovician tuffs in the Mississipi Valley area. Geology, 16, 743–747.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, J. & Hower, J. (1979) Clay minerals assemblages as low grade metamorphic geothermometers: application to the thrust faulted disturbed belt of Montana, USA. Pp. 55-79 in: Aspects of Diagenesis. SEPM. Spec. Publ. 26.Google Scholar
Hower, J., Eslinger, E.V., Hower, M.E. & Perry, E.A. (1976) Mechanisms of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment: 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 87, 725–737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Islam, A.K.M.E. & Lotse, E.G. (1986) Quantitative mineralogical analysis of some Bangladesh soils with X-ray, ion excange and selective dissolution techniques. Clay Miner. 21, 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jõeleht, A. (1998) Geothermal studies of the Precambrian basement and Phanerozoic sedimentary cover in Estonia and Finland. Dissertations Geologicae Universitatis Tartuensis, 7, Tartu University Press, Tartu.Google Scholar
Kaljo, D. (editor) (1970) The Silurian in Estonia. Valgus, Tallinn (in Russian).Google Scholar
Krumm, S. (1994) WinFit 1.0 — A public domain program for interactive profile-analysis under Windows. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Geologica, 38, 253–261.Google Scholar
Lanson, B. & Besson, G. (1992) Characterization of the end of smectite-to-illite transformation: Decomposition of X-ray patterns. Clays Clay Miner. 40, 40–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanson, B. & Champion, D. (1991) The I/S-to-illite reaction in the late stage diagenesis. Am. J. Sci. 291, 473–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanson, B. & Velde, B. (1992) Decomposition of X-ray diffraction patterns: a convenient way to describe complex I/S diagenetic evolution. Clays Clay Miner. 40, 629–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanson, B., Beaufort, D., Berger, G., Bardât, J. & Lacharpagne J-C. (1996) Illitization of diagenetic kaolinite-to-dickite conversion series: late diagenesis of the Lower Permian Rotliegend sandstone reservoir, offshore of the Netherlands. J. Sed. Pet. 66, 501–518.Google Scholar
Mens, K. (1981) Stages of sedimentation in Early Cambrian of Baltic region. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. 3, 82–90 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Mens, K. & Pirrus, E. (1977) Stratotypes of the Cambrian Formations of Estonia. Valgus, Tallinn (in Russian).Google Scholar
Mens, K. & Pirrus, E. (1986) Stratigraphical characteristics and development of Vendian — Cambrian boundary beds on the East European Platform. Geol. Mag. 123, 357–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mens, K., Bergstróm, J. & Lendzion, K. (1990) The Cambrian System on the East-European Platform. Correlation Chart and Explanatory Notes. IUGS Publication No. 25.Google Scholar
Moczydlowska, M. & Vidal, G. (1986) Lower Cambrian acritarch zonation in southern Scandinavia and southern Poland. Geol. Fóren. Stockholm Fork 108, 201–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, J.P. (1985) Rb-Sr dating of diagenesis and source age of clays in Upper Devonin black shales of Texas. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 96, 1043–1049.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mossmann, J.R., Clauer, N. & Liewig, N. (1992) Dating thermal anomalies in sedimentary basins: the diagenetic history of clay minerals in the Triassic sandstones of the Paris Basin (France). Clay Miner. 27, 211–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mändar, H., Vajakas, T., Felche, J. & Dinnebier, R. (1996) AXES — a program for preparation of parameter input files for FULLPROF. J. Appl. Cryst. 29, 304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Männil, R. (1966). Evolution of the Baltic Basin during the Ordovician. Valgus, Tallinn (in Russian). Pederstad, K. & Jorgensen, P. (1985) Weathering in a marine clay during Postglacial time. Clay Miner. 20, 477–491.Google Scholar
Perry, E.A. & Hower, J. (1970) Burial diagenesis in Gulf Coast pelitic sediments. Clays Clay Miner. 18, 165–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirrus, E. (1970) The distribution of clay minerals of Vendian and Cambrian Deposits in East Estonia. Proc. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Geology. Chemistry, 19, 322–333 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Pirrus, E. (1983) The role of the palaeogeographic factor in the development of associations of clay minerals in Vendian and Cambrian basins in the North Baltic. Pp. 76-91 in: Terrigenous Minerals of the Baltic Sedimentary Rocks (Vüding, H., editor). Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Institute of Geology, Tallinn (in Russian).Google Scholar
Puura, V., Mens, K., Mannil, R., Pirrus, E. & Heinsalu, H. (1987) Paleotectonics and facies of Baltic Basin in Cambrian and during the Ordovician phosphorite and kukersite sedimentation. Pp. 74-86 in: Tectonics, Facies and Formations of the westernmost East-European Platform (Garetsky, R.G. & Konichev, V.S., editors), Nauka i Tehnika, Minsk (in Russian).Google Scholar
Reier, A. (1965a) Mineralogical peculiarities of Cambrian clays of Estonian SSR. Tallinna Polutehnilise Instuudi Toimetised, Série A, 221, 3–11 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Reier, A. (1965b) Roentgenographic study of Cambrian clays of Estonian SSR. Tallinna Polutehnilise Instituudi Toimetised, Série A, 221, 13–19 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. (1985) NEWMOD, a computer program for the calculation of one-dimensional patterns of mixed-layered clays. Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 8 Brook Rd., Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. (1989) Diffraction by small and disordered crystals. PP. 145-181 in: Modern Powder Diffraction, Reviews in Mineralogy, 20 (Bish, D.L. & Post, J.E., editors). Mineral. Soc. Amer., Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Róomusoks, A. (1983). Eesti aluspóhja geoloogia (Bedrock geology of Estonia). Valgus, Tallinn (in Estonian).Google Scholar
Środoń, J. (1979) Correlation between coal and clay diagenesis in the Carboniferous of Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Proc. Int. Clay Conf. Oxford, 251-260.Google Scholar
Środoń, J. (1984) X-ray powder diffraction identification of illitic minerals. Clays Clay Miner. 32, 337–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torsvik, T., Samethurst, M., Van der Voo, R., Trench, A., Abrahamsen, N. & Halvorsen, E. (1992) Baltica. A synopsis of Vendian-Permian palaeomagnetic data and their palaeotectonic implications. Earth-Sci. Rev. 33, 133–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B. & Espitalié, J. (1989) Comparison of kerogen maturation and illite/smectite composition in diagenesis. J. Petrol. Geol. 12, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B. & Vasseur, G. (1992) Estimation of the diagenetic smectite to illite transformation in timetemperature space. Am. Miner. 77, 967–976.Google Scholar
Vikulova, M. (1949) A study of clay mineralogy by electron microscope. Sov. Geol. 39, 121–133 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Vikulova, M. (1952) Electron Microscope Study of Clays. Gosgeolizdat, Moscow (in Russian).Google Scholar