No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Hydration of Na-saturated synthetic stevensite, a peculiar trioctahedral smectite
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 October 2020
Abstract
Smectite interlayer water plays a key role in the mobility of elements and molecules and affects a variety of geological processes. In trioctahedral smectites, in contrast to saponite and hectorite, the layer charge of which originates from isomorphic substitutions, the stevensite layer charge originates from the presence of octahedral vacancies. Despite its common occurrence in lacustrine environments, stevensite hydration has received little attention compared to saponite and hectorite. Early reports mention a specific hydration behaviour, however, with the systematic presence of a low-angle reflection attributed to the regular interstratification of various hydration states. The present study aims to revisit this specific hydration behaviour in more depth. Within this scope, the hydration behaviour of the three smectite varieties above are compared using synthetic trioctahedral smectites of similar layer charge and various compositions of their octahedral sheets. The chemical composition of the octahedral sheet does not appear to influence significantly smectite hydration for saponite and hectorite. Compared to its saponite and hectorite equivalents, H2O content in stevensite is lower by ~2.0 mmol H2O per g of dry clay. Consistent with this lower H2O content, Zn-stevensite lacks a stable monohydrated state, with dehydrated layers prevailing from 60% to 0% relative humidity. The presence of the regular interstratification of 0W and 1W layers is responsible for the low-angle reflection commonly observed for stevensite under air-dried conditions. Finally, the stevensite identification method based on X-ray diffraction of heated and ethylene glycol-solvated samples is challenged by the possible influence of the octahedral sheet chemical composition (Zn or Mg in the present study) on hectorite swelling behaviour in synthetic Zn-smectites. The origin of this effect remains undetermined and further work is needed to propose a more general identification method.
- Type
- Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Footnotes
Associate Editor: Martine Buatier
References
Aristilde, L., Lanson, B. & Charlet, L. (2013) Interstratification patterns from the pH-dependent intercalation of a tetracycline antibiotic within montmorillonite layers. Langmuir, 29, 4492–4501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentz, J.L. & Peterson, R.C. (2020) The formation of clay minerals in the mudflats of Bolivian salars. Clays and Clay Minerals, 68, 115–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergaoui, L., Lambert, J.-F., Franck, R., Suquet, H. & Robert, J.-L. (1995) Al-pillared saponites. Part 3 – effect of parent clay layer charge on the intercalation–pillaring mechanism and structural properties. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 91, 2229–2239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, W.F., Grim, R.E. & Clark, G.F. (1937) A study of the behavior of montmorillonite upon wetting. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 97, 216–222.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. (1955) Stevensite, a montmorillonite-type mineral showing mixed-layer characteristics. American Mineralogist, 40, 239–247.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. (1980) Order-disorder in clay mineral structures. Pp. 125–195 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-Ray Identification (Brindley, G.W. & Brown, G., editors). Mineralogical Society, London, UK.Google Scholar
Christidis, G.E. & Koutsopoulou, E. (2013) A simple approach to the identification of trioctahedral smectites by X-ray diffraction. Clay Minerals, 48, 687–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E., Aldana, C., Chryssikos, G.D., Gionis, V., Kalo, H., Stöter, M. et al. (2018) The nature of laponite: pure hectorite or a mixture of different trioctahedral phases? Minerals, 8, 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dazas, B., Lanson, B., Breu, J., Robert, J.L., Pelletier, M. & Ferrage, E. (2013) Smectite fluorination and its impact on interlayer water content and structure: a way to fine tune the hydrophilicity of clay surfaces? Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 181, 233–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dazas, B., Lanson, B., Delville, A., Robert, J.-L., Komarneni, S., Michot, L.J. & Ferrage, E. (2015) Influence of tetrahedral layer charge on the organization of interlayer water and ions in synthetic Na-saturated smectites. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119, 4158–4172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Oliveira Nardi Leite, C., de Assis Silva, C.M. & de Ros, L.F. (2020) Depositional and diagenetic processes in the pre-salt rift section of a Santos basin area, SE Brazil. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 90, 584–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A. & Tchoubar, C. (1990) X-Ray Diffraction by Disordered Lamellar Structures: Theory and Applications to Microdivided Silicates and Carbons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 371 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D.D., Jones, B.F. & Khoury, H.N. (1982) Mixed-layer kerolite/stevensite from the Amargosa desert, Nevada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 321–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, G.T., Hathaway, J.C. & Millot, G. (1959) A restudy of stevensite and allied minerals. American Mineralogist, 44, 342–370.Google Scholar
Ferrage, E., Lanson, B., Malikova, N., Plancon, A., Sakharov, B.A. & Drits, V.A. (2005a) New insights on the distribution of interlayer water in bi-hydrated smectite from X-ray diffraction profile modeling of 00l reflections. Chemistry of Materials, 17, 3499–3512.Google Scholar
Ferrage, E., Lanson, B., Michot, L.J. & Robert, J.L. (2010) Hydration properties and interlayer organization of water and ions in synthetic Na-smectite with tetrahedral layer charge. Part 1. Results from X-ray diffraction profile modeling. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114, 4515–4526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrage, E., Lanson, B., Sakharov, B.A. & Drits, V.A. (2005b) Investigation of smectite hydration properties by modeling experimental X-ray diffraction patterns: part I. Montmorillonite hydration properties. American Mineralogist, 90, 1358–1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrage, E., Sakharov, B.A., Michot, L.J., Delville, A., Bauer, A., Lanson, B. et al. (2011) Hydration properties and interlayer organization of water and ions in synthetic Na-smectite with tetrahedral layer charge. Part 2. Towards a precise coupling between molecular simulations and diffraction data. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 1867–1881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, D.L. & Henderson, C.M.B. (1968) The preparation of silicate compositions by a gelling method. Mineralogical Magazine, 36, 832–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higashi, S., Miki, K. & Komarneni, S. (2002) Hydrothermal synthesis of Zn-smectites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, B.F. (1986) Clay mineral diagenesis in lacustrine environments. Pp. 291–300 in: Studies in Diagenesis (Mumpton, F.A., editor). United States Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Khoury, H.N., Eberl, D.D. & Jones, B.F. (1982) Origin of magnesium clays from the Amargosa desert, Nevada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 327–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A., Barak, P., Nater, E.A. & Dowdy, R.H. (1991) Chemistry of smectitic and illitic phases in interstratified soil smectite. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 1499–1504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malikova, N., Cadene, A., Dubois, E., Marry, V., Durand Vidal, S., Turq, P. et al. (2007) Water diffusion in a synthetic hectorite clay studied by quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 17603–17611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malikova, N., Cadene, A., Marry, V., Dubois, E., Turq, P., Zanotti, J.M. & Longeville, S. (2005) Diffusion of water in clays – microscopic simulation and neutron scattering. Chemical Physics, 317, 226–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michot, L.J., Bihannic, I., Pelletier, M., Rinnert, E. & Robert, J.L. (2005) Hydration and swelling of synthetic Na-saponites: influence of layer charge. American Mineralogist, 90, 166–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michot, L.J., Delville, A., Humbert, B., Plazanet, M. & Levitz, P. (2007) Diffusion of water in a synthetic clay with tetrahedral charges by combined neutron time-of-flight measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 9818–9831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michot, L.J., Ferrage, E., Jiménez-Ruiz, M., Boehm, M. & Delville, A. (2012) Anisotropic features of water and ion dynamics in synthetic Na- and Ca-smectites with tetrahedral layer charge. A combined quasi-elastic neutron-scattering and molecular dynamics simulations study. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 16619–16633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, R.W., Keenan, A.G. & Wood, L.A. (1952) Adsorption of water by montmorillonite. II. Effect of exchangeable ions and lattice swelling as measured by X-ray diffraction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 74, 1371–1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagelschmidt, G. (1936) On the lattice shrinkage and structure of montmorillonite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 93, 481–487.Google Scholar
Norrish, K. (1954a) Manner of swelling of montmorillonite. Nature, 173, 256–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K. (1954b) The swelling of montmorillonite. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 18, 120–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rinnert, E., Carteret, C., Humbert, B., Fragneto Cusani, G., Ramsay, J.D.F., Delville, A. et al. (2005) Hydration of a synthetic clay with tetrahedral charges: a multidisciplinary experimental and numerical study. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, 23745–23759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robert, J.L., Beny, J.M., Della Ventura, G. & Hardy, M. (1993) Fluorine in micas: crystal-chemical control of the OH-F distribution between trioctahedral and dioctahedral sites. European Journal of Mineralogy, 5, 7–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakharov, B.A. & Lanson, B. (2013) X-ray identification of mixed-layer structures. Modelling of diffraction effects. Pp. 51–135 in: Handbook of Clay Science, Part B. Techniques and Applications (Bergaya, F. & Lagaly, G., editors). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimoda, S. (1971) Mineralogical studies of a species of stevensite from the Obori mine, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Clay Minerals, 9, 185–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiry, M., Milnes, A. & Ben Brahim, M. (2014) Pleistocene cold climate groundwater silicification, Jbel Ghassoul region, Missour Basin, Morocco. Journal of the Geological Society, 172, 125–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinci, D., Dazas, B., Ferrage, E., Lanson, M., Magnin, V., Findling, N. & Lanson, B. (2020) Influence of layer charge on hydration properties of synthetic octahedrally-charged Na-saturated trioctahedral swelling phyllosilicates. Applied Clay Science, 184, 105404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinci et al. supplementary material
Vinci et al. supplementary material
PDF
1.8 MB