Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:17:50.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of beach sediments along the coast between Alanya and Silifke (southern Turkey)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

M.G. Yalcin ,
M. Setti ,
F. Karakaya ,
E. Sacchi  and
N. Ilbeyli
M.G. Yalcin*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
M. Setti
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
F. Karakaya
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Nigde University, 51100 Nigde, Turkey
E. Sacchi
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
N. Ilbeyli
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of this work was to determine the distribution of trace metals in the coastal sediments from the area between Silifke and Alanya (Turkey) and to investigate the sources of these elements, based on their mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical characteristics. Forty three samples were analysed for the determination of their water content, grain-size distribution, petrographical features and their chemical and mineralogical compositions. The samples had low water content, in agreement with the large sand grain size.

The mineralogical composition reflects the complex geological setting of the area. The most abundant mineral phases are represented by calcite and dolomite, followed by quartz and mica. Chlorite, feldspar and other carbonates are present in lesser amounts, while kaolinite was detected in one sample only. All samples contain hematite, chromite, magnetite and goethite and one sample contained pyrite. Samples with high concentrations of trace metals, contained fragments of metamorphic rocks with pyroxene, amphibole, quartz and feldspar, whereas carbonates and opaque minerals were subordinate. Compared to literature data, the average concentrations of several elements and trace metals were great enough to be considered as possibly toxic, exceeding the Turkish higher acceptable limits. Geochemical data were treated statistically using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to obtain evidence of their distribution and to identify any correlations.

Based on the distribution of mineral phases, the area investigated was divided into different provinces, each characterized by the abundance of one, or more, tracer minerals. In the westernmost areas, between Alanya and Demirtas, the sediments indicate a provenance from dolomites or marbles. In the area between Demirtas and Gazipasa the provenance was from quartzites, clastic and metamorphic rocks and in the sector between Guney and Anamur, the sediments were derived mostly from low-grade metamorphic rocks, in particular metaschists and metabasites. The sediments in the area between Anamur and Ovacik, display variable source rocks and those between Ovacik and Silifke, were derived from limestones and, subordinately, clastic rocks.

The trace-metal concentrations in beach sands appear to be related to the abundance of silicate minerals derived from weathering of the metamorphic-rock outcrops in the inland mountainous regions. In contrast, the trace-metal contents of the limestone- and dolomite-bearing beach sands were small.

Keywords

Alanya-SilifkeTurkeybeach sedimenttrace metalmineralogygeochemistrymultivariate statistics
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 50 , Issue 2 , June 2015 , pp. 233 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akay, E. & Uysal, S. (1988) Post-Eocene tectonics of the central Taurus mountains. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 108, 23–34.Google Scholar
Anfuso, G., Gracia, F.J., Martinez-Del-Pozo, J.A., Del Rio, L., Andres, J., Sanchez, F. & Lopez-Aguayo, F. (1999) Modelización del comportamiento morfodinámico de las playas mediante el estudio de la profundidad de removilización. Estudios Geológicos, 55, 113–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atlas, L. & Buyukgungor, H. (2007) Heavy metal pollution in the Black Sea shore and offshore of Turkey. Environmental Geology, 52, 469–476; doi: 10.1007/s00254–006-0480–1.Google Scholar
Biscaye, P.E. (1965) Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep-sea clay in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 76, 803–832.Google Scholar
Boruvka, L., Vacak, O. & Jeilicka, J. (2005) Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soil. Geoderma, 128, 289–300.Google Scholar
Budimir, S. & Makro, B. (1995) Distribution of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in carbonate sediments from the Krka river estuary obtained by sequential extraction. Science of the Total Environment, 170, 101–118.Google Scholar
Burak, S., Dogan, E. & Gazioglu, C. (2004) Impact of urbanization and tourism on coastal environment. Ocean & Coastal Management, 47, 515–527.Google Scholar
Cevik, O. & Yalcin, M.G. (2009) Grain size, heavy mineral distribution in beach sediments and multivariate statistics to determine the origin of heavy metals from gulfs of Mersin, Eastern Mediterranean. MSc Thesis, Nigde University, 102 pp.Google Scholar
Chun-gang, Y., Jian-bo, S., Bin, H., Jing-fu, L., Li-na, L. & Gui-bin, J. (2004) Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICPMS with sequential extraction. Environment International, 30, 769–783.Google Scholar
Demirel, Z. (2004) The history and evaluation of saltwater intrusion into a coastal aquifer in Mersin, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 70, 275–282.Google Scholar
Demirtasli, E. (1983) Stratigraphy and tectonics of the area between Silifke and Anamur, Central Taurus Mountains. International Symposium: Geology of the Taurus Belt, 26–29 Sept., Ankara.Google Scholar
Demirtasli, E., Turhan, N., Bilgin, A.Z. & Selim, M. (1984) Geology of the Bolkar Mountains. Pp. 125–141 in: Geology of the Taurus Belt (O. Tekeli & M.C. Goncuoglu, editors). Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, Institute of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.Google Scholar
Dumont, J.F. & Kerey, E. (1975) Kirkkavak fault: a N-W strike-slip fault in the boundary of Western Taurids and Koprucay basins. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 18, 59–62 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Ediger, V., Velegrakis, A.F. & Evans, G. (2002) Upper slope sediment waves in the Cilician Basin, northeastern Mediterranean. Marine Geology, 192, 321–333.Google Scholar
Ergin, M., Timur, K., Okyar, M., Bodur, M.N. & Ediger, V. (1989) Marine geological and geophysical investigations related to construction of a landing place. Technical Report of the Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, 43 pp.Google Scholar
Everest, A. & Seyhan, L. (2006) Investigations of basic soil parameters in Mersin: Kozlar high plateau of south Turkey. Building and Environment, 4, 837–841.Google Scholar
Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E. & Mallen, L. (2001) Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution, 114, 313–324.Google Scholar
Facchinelli, A., Magnoni, M., Perrone, U. & Sacchi, E. (2005) Post-depositional processes in lake sediment traced by heavy metals and radionuclidies; a case study from lake Srio (Ivrea, northern Italy). 10th International Symposium on the Interactions between Sediments and Water IASWS2005, Bled, Slovenia, 28/08–2/09 2005, Materials and Geoenvironment, 52, 31–33.Google Scholar
Frihy, O.E. & Dewidar, K.H. (2003) Patterns of erosion/ sedimentation, heavy mineral concentration and grain size to interpret boundaries of littoral sub-cells of the Nile Delta. Marine Geology, 199, 27–43.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, J.A., Kafatos, F.C., Janeway, C.A. & Ezekowitz, R.A.B. (1999) Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 284 (5418), 1313–1318.Google Scholar
Isik, V. & Tekeli, O. (1995) New petrographical data at the eastern part of Alanya metamorphites (Anamur, S. Turkey). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (Turkey), 117, 49–57.Google Scholar
Kozlu, H., Göncüoğlu, C.M., Sarmiento, G.N. & Gul, M.A. (2002) Mid-Ordovician (late Darriwilian) conodonts from the south-central Taurides, Turkey: Geological implications. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11, 1–14.Google Scholar
Krauskopf, K. (1979) Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York. 617 pp.Google Scholar
Lakhan, V.C., Cabana, K. & LaValle, P.D. (2002) Heavy metal concentrations in surficial sediments from accreting and eroding areas along the coast of Guyana. Environmental Geology, 42, 73–80.Google Scholar
Liaghati, T., Preda, M. & Cox, M. (2003) Heavy metal distribution and controlling factors within coastal plain sediments Bells Creek catchment southeast Queensland Australia. Environment International, 29, 935–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, P.W. & Robertson, A.H.F. (2012) Sedimentary and structural evidence for two-phase Upper Cretaceous and Eocene emplacement of the Tauride thrust sheets in central southern Turkey. Pp. 299–322 in Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region (A.H.F. Robertson, O. Parlak and U.C. Ünlü genç ). Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 372. The Geological Society, London.Google Scholar
Monod, O. (1977) Recherches geologigues dans le Taurus occidental au sud de Beysehir (Turguie). PhD Thesis, Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay, 442 pp.Google Scholar
Mulsow, S., Povince, P., Wyse, E., Benmansour, M., Sammir, B. & Cahfik, A. (2001) Trace elements, heavy metals and Pb isotopic ratios in marine sediments of the south Mediterranean Sea (Morroco). Rapport Commission International Mer Méditerranee, 36, 147 pp.Google Scholar
Narin, I. & Soylak, M. (1999) Monitoring trace metal levels in Nigde, Turkey: nickel, copper, manganese, cadmium and cobalt contents of the street dust samples. Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 16, 99–103.Google Scholar
Ngiam, L.S. & Lim, P.E. (2001) Speciation patterns of heavy metals in tropical estuarine anoxic and oxidized sediments by different sequential extraction schemes. Science of the Total Environment, 275, 53–61.Google Scholar
Okyar, M. (1991) The Late-Quaternary Transgression and its associated submarine stratigraphy of Mersin Bay between the Goksu and the Seyhan Deltas: A geophysical approach. PhD Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, 156 pp.Google Scholar
Okyar, M., Ergin, M. & Evans, G. (2005) Seismic stratigraphy of Late Quaternary sediments of western Mersin Bay shelf, (NE Mediterranean Sea). Marine Geology, 220, 113–130.Google Scholar
Okay, A.I. (2008) Geology of Turkey: A synopsis. Anschnitt, 21, 19–42.Google Scholar
Ozer, E., Koc, H. & Ozsayar, T.Y. (2004) Stratigraphical evidence for the depression of the northern margin of the Menderes–Tauride Block (Turkey) during the late Cretaceous. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 22, 401–412.Google Scholar
Ozgul, N. (1976) Basic geologic characteristics of Taurides. Turkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bulteni, 19, 65–78.Google Scholar
Ozgul, N. (1984) Stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the central Taurides. Pp. 77–90 in: Geology of the Taurus Belt (O. Tekeli & M.C. Göncüoğ lu, editors). Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, Institute of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.Google Scholar
Ozsan, A. & Karpuz, C. (1996) Geotechnical rock-mass evaluation of the Anamur dam site,Turkey. Engineering Geology, 42, 65–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poisson, A. (1977) Recherches geologiques dans les Taurides occidentales (Turquie). PhD Thesis, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, 795 pp.Google Scholar
Poisson, A., Akay, E., Dumont, J.F. & Uysal, S. (1984) The Isparta Angle: a Mesozoic palaeorift in the western Taurides. Pp. 11–26 in: Geology of the Taurus Belt (O. Tekeli & M.C. Göncüoğ lu, editors). Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, Institute of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.Google Scholar
Rainbow, P.S. (1996) Heavy metals in aquatic invertebrates. Pp. 405–425 in: Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W.N. Beyer, G.A. Heinz & A.W. Redmon-Norwood, editors). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.Google Scholar
Rigler, J.K. & Collins, M.B. (1984) Initial grain motion under oscillatory flow: a comparison of some threshold criteria. Geo-Marine Letters, 3, 43–48.Google Scholar
Rouibah, M. (2001) Etat de pollution par les métaux lourds dans le port de Djen-Djen et le port de Jijel (Algérie), Rapport Commission International Mer Méditerranee. 36, 160 pp.Google Scholar
Setti, M., Mari Noni, L. & Pez-Galindo, A.L. (2004) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics (major, minor, trace elements and REE) of detrital and authigenic clay minerals in a Cenozoic sequence from Ross Sea, Antarctica. Clay Minerals, 39, 405–421.Google Scholar
Soylak, M., Akkaya, Y. & Elci, L. (2001) Monitoring trace metal levels in Yozgat-Turkey: determinations of some metal ions in roadside soils. Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 18, 176–180.Google Scholar
Soylak, M., Uzek, U., Narin, I., Tuzen, M., Turkoglu, O. & Elci, L. (2004) Application of the sequential extraction procedure for dust samples from Kayseri-Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 13, 454–457.Google Scholar
Sutherland, R.A. & Tack, F.M.G. (2003) Fractionation of Cu, Pb and Zn in certified reference soils SRM 2710 and SRM 2711 using the optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure. Advances in Environmental Research, 8, 37–50.Google Scholar
Tam, N.F.Y. & Wong, Y.S. (2000) Hong Kong Mangroves, City University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Tekeli, O., Aksay, A., Urgun, M.B. & Isik, A. (1984) Geology of the Aladag Mountains. Pp. 143–158 in: Geology of the Taurus Belt (O. Tekeli & M.C. Göncüoğ lu, editors). Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, Institute of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara.Google Scholar
T.K.K.Y. (2005) Control regulation of soil pollution, I. Regulation No. 25831. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey.Google Scholar
Turekian, K.K. & Wedepohl, K.H. (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth’s crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72, 175–192.Google Scholar
Tuzen, M. (2003) Determination of trace metals in the River Yesilirmak sediments in Tokat, Turkey using sequential extraction procedure. Microchemical Journal, 74, 105–110.Google Scholar
Yalcin, M.G. & Ilhan, S. (2008) Multivariate analyses to determine the origin of potentially harmful heavy metals in beach and dune sediments from Kizkalesi coast (Mersin), Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81, 57–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yalcin, M.G. (2009) Heavy mineral distribution as related to environmental conditions for modern beach sediments from the Susanoglu (Atakent, Mersin, Turkey). Environmental Geology, 58, 119–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalcin, M.G. & Cevik, O. (2009) Accumulation rates of heavy metal in Mersin Bay beach sands. Abstracts Book of the 62nd Geological Congress, Ankara, pp. 538–539.Google Scholar
Yalcin, M.G., Cevik, O. & Karaman, M.E. (2013) The use of multivariate statistics methods to determine grain size, heavy metal distribution and origins of heavy metals in Mersin Bay (Eastern Mediterranean) coastal sediments. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25, 2696–2702.Google Scholar
Yilmaz, A. (2002) Biogeochemistry of the seas surrounding Turkey: cycling and distributions. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Science, 26, 219–235.Google Scholar
Yoshida, M., Hamdi, H., Abdulnasser, I. & Jedidi, N. (2004) Contamination of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Bizerte lagoon bottom sediments, surface sediment and sediment repository. Pp. 31–54 in: Study on Environmental Pollution of Bizerte Lagoon (A. Ghrabi & M. Yoshida, editors). INRST-JICA Press, Tunis.Google Scholar
Wedepohl, K.E.L. (1975) The contribution of chemical data to assumption about the origin of magmas from the mantle. Forschritte der Mineralogie, 52, 141–172.Google Scholar
Wedepohl, K.H. (1978) Handbook of Geochemistry. Springer, New York, 364 pp.Google Scholar