Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T14:54:05.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Deposition of two natural clays on a Pt surface using potentiostatic and spin-coating techniques: a comparative study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

A. A. Issa ,
Y. S. Al-Degs  and
N. A. Al-Rabady
A. A. Issa*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330001, Zarka 13133, Jordan
Y. S. Al-Degs
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330001, Zarka 13133, Jordan
N. A. Al-Rabady
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330001, Zarka 13133, Jordan
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Two natural clays (kaolinite and montmorillonite) were deposited onto a platinum electrode surface using two deposition techniques and under different experimental variables. For both clays, the percentages of surface coverage (%θ) were optimized in the 75–96% range. A greater surface coverage was observed at higher temperatures for both clays, which confirms the endothermic nature of the deposition process. The maximum surface coverage (96%) was achieved for kaolinite. The surface coverage of kaolinite on a platinum electrode was constant for deposition times between 6 and 20 h. A surface coverage of 91% with montmorillonite particles was achieved. There was a very small increase in surface coverage by increasing the concentration of clay in the modified solution. The maximum surface coverage was observed under acidic conditions and smaller coverage values were reported for neutral and basic solutions. For both clays, a complete surface coverage for the electrode surface was achieved using the spin-coating technique. The experimental variables that affect the deposition of the clay, such as the stoichiometric ratio of clay/PVC and centrifugation speed and time, were studied and optimized to obtain full surface coverage. The spin-coating method achieved the required durability and stability for the modified-electrode. The characterization showed that the metallic surface chemistry of the platinum electrode was totally suppressed. Both modified electrodes were found to be useful for determination of Ag(I) ion with a detection limit as small as 1.00×10–10 M. The analytical precision was also satisfactory (RSD <5.0%).

Keywords

natural claypotentiostatic depositionspin-coating depositionelectrochemical analysisclay-modified electrodes
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 43 , Issue 3 , September 2008 , pp. 501 - 510
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Degs, Y., Tutunji, M. & Baker, H. (2003) Isothermal and kinetic adsorption behaviour of Pb2+ ions on natural silicate minerals. Clay Minerals, 38, 501–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, A. & Faulkner, L. (1980) Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Carter, M.T. & Bard, A.J. (1987) Clay modified electrodes: Part VII. The electrochemical behavior of tetrathiafulvalenium-montmorillonite modified electrodes. Journal of Electro analytical Chemistry, 229, 191–214.Google Scholar
Clavilier, J., Armand, D. & Wu, B.L. (1982) Electrochemical study of the initial surface condition of platinum surfaces with (100) and (111) orientations. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 135, 159–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, C.A. & Yong, R.N. (2002) Aspects of kaolinite characterization and retention of Pb and Cd. Applied Clay Science, 22, 39–45.Google Scholar
Fitch, A. (1990a) Clay-modified electrode: A review. Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 391–400.Google Scholar
Fitch, A. (1990b) Apparent formal potential shifts in ion exchange voltammetry. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 484, 237–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitch, A. & Fausto, C. (1988) Insulating properties of clay films towards Fe(CN)6∼ as affected by electrolyte concentration. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 257, 299–303.Google Scholar
Gadsden, A. (1975) Infrared Spectra of Minerals and Related Inorganic Compounds. The Butterworth group, UK.Google Scholar
Hajjaji, M., Kacim, S., Alami, A., El-Bouadili, A. & El- Mountassir, M. (2001) Chemical and mineralogical characterization of a clay taken from the Moroccan Meseta and a study of the interaction between its fine fraction and methylene blue. Applied Clay Science, 20, 1–12.Google Scholar
Kalcher, K., Grabec, I., Raber, G., Cai, X., Tavcar, G. & Ogorevc, B. (1995) The vermiculite-modified carbon paste electrode as a model system for preconcentrating mono and divalent cations. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 386, 149–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kula, P. & Navrátilová, Z. (1996) Voltammetric copper (II) determination with a montmorillonite-modified carbon paste electrode. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 354, 692–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macha, S.M. & Fitch, A. (1998) Clays as architectural units at modified-electrodes. Microchimica Ada, 128, 1–18.Google Scholar
Madejova, J. (2003) FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 31, 1–10.Google Scholar
Manisankar, P., Selvanathan, G. & Vedhi, C. (2005) Utilization of sodium montmorillonite clay-modified electrode for the determination of isoproturon and carbendazim in soil and water samples. Applied Clay Science, 29, 249–257.Google Scholar
Manisankar, P., Selvanathan, G. & Vedhi, C. (2006) Determination of pesticides using heteropolyacid montmorillonite clay-modified electrode with surfactant. Talanta, 68, 686–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mineralogy Database (2007) http://www.webmineral.com.Google Scholar
Mousty, C. (2004) Sensors and biosensors based on claymodified electrodes — new trends. Applied Clay Science, 27, 159–177.Google Scholar
Navrátilová, Z. & Kula, P. (2003) Clay modified electrodes: Present applications and prospects. Electro analysis, 15, 837–846.Google Scholar
Qiu, J. & Villemure, G. (1995) Anionic clay modified electrodes: electrochemical activity of nickel(II) sites in layered double hydroxide films. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 395, 159–166.Google Scholar
Rolison, D. (1990) Zeolites-modified electrodes and electrode-modified zeolites. Chemical Review, 90, 867–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, D., Sobkowiak, A. & Roberts, J. (1995) Electrochemistry for Chemists. Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Scavetta, E., Berrettoni, M., Nobili, F. & Tonelli, D. (2005) Electrochemical characterization of electrodes modified with a Co/Al hydrotalcite-like compound. Electrochimica Ada, 50, 3305–3311.Google Scholar
Shirtcliffe, N. (1999) Deposition of clays onto a rotating, electrochemical, quartz crystal microbalance. Colloids and Surfaces, 155, 277–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, C. & Villemure, G. (1999) Preparation of claymodified electrodes by eleetrophoretie deposition of clay films. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 462, 143–149.Google Scholar
Song, C. & Villemure, G. (2007) Effect of decreasing film thickness on the electrochemical responses of cations adsorbed in clay-modified electrodes. Electrochimica Ada, 52, 6509–6516.Google Scholar
Švegl, I.G., Kolar, M., Ogorevc, B. & Pihlar, B. (1998) Vermiculite clay mineral as an effective carbon paste electrode modifier for the preconcentration and voltammetric determination of Hg(II) and Ag(I) ions. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 361, 362–658.Google Scholar
Tan, K. (1995) Soil Sampling, Preparation and Analysis. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Tonle, I., Ngameni, E. & Walcarius, A. (2005) Preconcentration and voltammetric analysis of mercury(II) at a carbon paste electrode modified with natural smectite-type clays grafted with organic chelating groups. Sensors and Actuators, B110, 195–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanloon, G.W. & Duffy, S.J. (2000) Environmental Chemistry. 1st edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Villemure, G. & Bard, A. (1990) Clay modified electrodes: Part 9. Electrochemical studies of the electroactive fraction of adsorbed species in reducedcharge and preadsorbed clay films. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 282, 107–121.Google Scholar
Xiang, Y. & Villemure, G. (1995) Electrodes modified with synthetic clay minerals: Evidence of direct electron transfer from structural iron sites in the clay lattice. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 381, 21–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar