Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:53:51.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Allophane and imogolite: role in soil biogeochemical processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

R. L. Parfitt
R. L. Parfitt*
Affiliation:
Landcare Research, PB 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The literature on the formation, structure and properties of allophane and imogolite is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the seminal contributions by Colin Farmer. Allophane and imogolite occur not only in volcanic-ash soils but also in other environments. The conditions required for the precipitation of allophane and imogolite are discussed. These include pH, availability of Al and Si, rainfall, leaching regime, and reactions with organic matter. Because of their excellent water storage and physical properties, allophanic soils can accumulate large amounts of biomass. In areas of high rainfall, these soils often occur under rain forest, and the soil organic matter derived from the forest biomass is stabilized by allophane and aluminium ions. Thus the turnover of soil organicmatter in allophanicsoils is slower than that in non-allophanicsoils. The organic matter appears to be derived from the microbial by-products of the plant material rather than from the plant material itself. The growth of young forests may be limited by nitrogen supply but growth of older forests tends to be P limited. Phosphorus is recycled through both inorganic and organic pathways, but it is also strongly sorbed by Al compounds including allophane. When crops are grown in allophanic soils, large amounts of labile P are required and, accordingly, these soils have to be managed to counteract the large P sorption capacity of allophane and other Al compounds, and to ensure an adequate supply of labile P. Because of their physical and chemical properties, allophanic soils are excellent filters of heavy metals and pathogens.

Keywords

brown soilsrain forest soilsallophaneimogolitecarbonorganic matterphosphatepodzolsSpodosols
Type
George Brown Lecture 2008
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 44 , Issue 1 , March 2009 , pp. 135 - 155
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2009 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2009

References

Abidin, Z., Matsue, N. & Henmi, T. (2007) Differential formation of allophane and imogolite: experimental and molecular orbital study. Journal of Computer- Aided Materials Design, 14, 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adamo, P., Denaix, L., Terribile, F. & Zampella, M. (2003) Characterization of heavy metals in contaminated volcanic soils of the Solofrana river valley (southern Italy). Geoderma, 117, 347–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aomine, S. & Wada, K. (1962) Differential weathering of volcanic ash and pumice resulting in the formation of hydrated halloysite. American Mineralogist, 47, 1024–1048.Google Scholar
Arai, Y., Sparks, D.L. & Davis, J.A. (2005) Arsenate adsorption mechanisms at the allophane-water interface. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 2537–2544.Google Scholar
Aran, D., Gury, M. & Jeanroy, E. (2001) Organo-metallic complexes in an Andosol: a comparative study with a Cambisol and Podzol. Geoderma, 99, 65–79.Google Scholar
Baldock, J.A. & Nelson, P.N. (2000) Soil organic matter. Pp. B25–84 in: Handbook of Soil Science (Sumner, M.E., editor). CRC press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.Google Scholar
Barron, P.F., Wilson, M.A., Campbell. A.S. & Frost, R.L. (1982) Detection of imogolite in soils using solid state 29Si NMR. Nature, 299, 616–618.Google Scholar
Bartoli, F., Begin, J.C., Burtin, G. & Schouller, E. (2007) Shrinkage of initially very wet soil blocks, cores and clods from a range of European Andosol horizons. European Journal of Soil Science, 58, 378–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basile-Doelsch, I., Amundson, R., Stone, W.E.E., Masiello, C.A., Bottero, J.Y., Colin, F., Masin, F., Borschneck, D. & Meunier, J.D. (2005) Mineral control of organic carbon dynamics in a volcanic ash soil from La Reunion. European Journal of Soil Science, 56, 689–703.Google Scholar
Basile-Doelsch, I., Amundson, R., Stone, W.E.E., Borschneck, D., Bottero, J.Y., Moustier, S., Masin, F. & Colin, F. (2007) Mineral control of carbon pools in a volcanic soil horizon. Geoderma, 137, 477–489.Google Scholar
Bi, S.P., An, S.Q., Tang, W., Xue, R., Wen, L.X. & Liu, F. (2001) Computer simulation of the distribution of aluminum speciation in soil solutions in equilibrium with the mineral phase imogolite. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 87, 97–104.Google Scholar
Broadbent, F.E., Jackman, R.H. & McNicoll, J. (1964) Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen in some New Zealand allophanic soils. Soil Science, 98, 118–128.Google Scholar
Buurman, P., Peterse, F. & Almendros, G. (2007) Soil organic matter chemistry in allophanic soils: a pyrolysis-GC/MS study of a Costa Rican Andosol catena. European Journal of Soil Science, 58, 1330–1347.Google Scholar
Campbell, A.S. & Schwertmann, U. (1985) Evaluation of selective dissolution extractants in soil chemistry and mineralogy by differential X-ray diffraction. Clay Minerals, 20, 515–519.Google Scholar
Campbell, A.S., Young, A.W., Livingstone, L.G., Wilson, M.A. & Walker, T. W. (1977) Characterization of poorly-ordered aluminosilicates in a vitric Andosol from New Zealand. Soil Science, 123, 362–368.Google Scholar
Chadwick, O.A., Gavenda, R.T., Kelly, E.F., Ziegler, K., Olson, C.G., Elliott, W.C. & Hendricks, D.M. (2003) The impact of climate on the biogeochemical functioning of volcanic soils. Chemical Geology, 202, 195–223.Google Scholar
Childs, C.W., Parfltt, R.L. & Lee, R. (1983) Movement of aluminium as an inorganic complex in some podzolized soils, New Zealand. Geoderma, 29, 139–155.Google Scholar
Childs, C.W., Parfltt, R.L. & Newman, R.H. (1990) Structural studies of Silica Springs allophane. Clay Minerals, 25, 329–341.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Tate, K.R. (1986) Aggregation of clay in six New Zealand soil types as measured by disaggregation procedures. Geoderma, 37, 207–220.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Tate, K.R. (1987) Stability of aggregates of different size grades in allophanic soils from volcanic ash in New Zealand. Journal of Soil Science, 38, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C.J. & McBride, M.B. (1984) Cation and anion retention by natural and synthetic allophane and imogolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, 291–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cradwick, P.D.G., Farmer, V.C., Russell, J.D., Masson, C.R., Wada, K. & Yoshinaga, N. (1972) Imogolite - A hydrated aluminium silicate of tubular structure. Nature Physical Science, 240, 187–189.Google Scholar
Cretan, B., Bougeard, D., Smirnov, K.S., Guilment, J. & Poncelet, O. (2008) Structural model and computer modeling study of allophane. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 358–364.Google Scholar
Dahlgren, R.A. & Ugolini, F.C. (1989) Aluminum fractionation of soil solutions from unperturbed and tephra-treated Spodosols, Cascade Range, Washington, USA. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53, 559–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlgren, R.A., Saigusa, M. & Ugolini, F.C. (2004) The nature, properties and management of volcanic soils. Advances in Agronomy, 82, 113–182.Google Scholar
Edmeades, D.C., Metherell, A.K., Waller, J.E., Roberts, A.H.C. & Morton, J.D.(2006) Defining the relationships between pasture production and soil P and the development of a dynamic P model for New Zealand pastures: a review of recent developments. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 49, 207–222.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. (1986) Synthetic and natural allophane and imogolite: a synergistic relationship. Transactions of 13 Congress of the Society of Soil Science, 5, 346–354 (Publ. 1967).Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. & Fraser, A.R. (1979) Synthetic imogolite, a tubular hydroxy-aluminium silicate. Pp. 547–553 in: International Clay Conference 1978 (Mortland, M.M. & Farmer, V.C., editors). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. & Fraser, A.R. (1982) Chemical and colloidal stability of sols in the Al2O3-Fe2O3-SiO2-H2O system. Their role in podzolization. Journal of Soil Science, 33, 737–742.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. & Russell, J.D. (1990) The structure and genesis of allophanes and imogolite; their distribution in non-volcanic soils. Pp. 165–178 in Soil Colloids and their Associations in Soil Aggregates. Proceedings of NATO Advanced Studies Workshop, Ghent, 1985. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., Fraser, A.R., Russell, J.D. & Yoshinaga, N. (1977a) Recognition of imogolite structures in allophanic clays by infrared spectroscopy. Clay Minerals, 12, 55–57.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., Fraser, A.R. & Tait, J.M. (1977b) Synthesis of imogolite. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 462-463.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., Fraser, A.R. & Tait, J.M. (1979) Characterization of the chemical structures of natural and synthetic aluminosilicate gels and sols by infrared spectroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Ada, 43, 1417–1420.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., Russell, J.D. & Berrow, M.L. (1980) Imogolite and protoimogolite allophane in spodic horizons: evidence for a mobile aluminum silicate complex in podzol formation. Journal of Soil Science, 33, 673–684.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., Russell, J.D. & Smith, B.F.L. (1983) Extraction of inorganic forms of translocated Al, Fe and Si from a podzol Bs horizons. Journal of Soil Science, 34, 571-576.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., Delbos, E. & Miller, J.D. (2005) The role of phytolith formation and dissolution in controlling concentrations of silica in soil solutions and streams. Geoderma, 127, 71–79.Google Scholar
Fieldes, M. & Perrott, K.W. (1966) The nature of allophane in soils. Part 3. New Zealand Journal of Science, 9, 623–629.Google Scholar
Giesler, R., Ilvesniemi, H., Nyberg, L., van Hees, P., Starr, M., Bishop K, Kareinen, T. & Lundstrom, U.S. (2000) Distribution and mobilization of Al, Fe and Si in three podzolic soil profiles in relation to the humus layer. Geoderma, 94, 249–263.Google Scholar
González-Pérez, J.A., Arbelo, C.D., González-Vila, F.J., Rodríguez, A.R., Almendros, G., Armas, C.M. & Polvillo, O. (2007) Molecular features of organic matter in diagnostic horizons from Andosols as seen by analytical pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 80, 369–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, B.A., Russell, J.D., Montez, B., Oldfield, E. & Kirkpatrick, R.J. (1985) Structural studies of imogolite and allophanes by aluminium-27 and silicon- 29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12, 342–346.Google Scholar
Göttlein, A. & Stanjek, H. (1996) Micro-scale variation of solid-phase properties and soil solution chemistry in a forest podzol and its relation to soil horizons. European Journal of Soil Science, 47, 627–636.Google Scholar
Guimarães, L., Enyashin, A.N., Frenzel, J., Heine, T., Duarte, H.A. & Seifert, G. (2007) Imogolite nanotubes: stability, electronic, and mechanical properties. ACSNano, 1, 362–368.Google Scholar
Gustafsson, P., Bhattacharya, P., Bain, D.C., Fraser, A.R. & McHardy, W.J. (1995) Podzolisation mechanisms and the synthesis of imogolite in northern Scandinavia. Geoderma, 66, 167–184.Google Scholar
Hall, P.L., Churchman, G.J. & Theng, B.K.G. (1985) Size distribution of allophane unit particles in aqueous suspensions. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 345–349.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, I. & Jackson, M.L. (1960) Rapid dissolution of allophane and kaolinite-halloysite after dehydration. Clays and Clay Minerals, 7, 102–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashizume, H. & Theng, B.K.G. (1999) Adsorption of DL-alanine by allophane: effect of pH and unit particle aggregation. Clay Minerals, 34, 235–240.Google Scholar
Hashizume, H. & Theng, B.K.G. (2007) Adenine, adenosine, ribose and 5'-AMP adsorption to allophane. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55, 599–605.Google Scholar
Hashizume, H., Theng, B.K.G. & Yamagishi, A. (2002) Adsorption and discrimination of alanine and alanylalanine enantiomers by allophane. Clay Minerals, 37, 551–557.Google Scholar
Henmi, T. (1980) Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on the thermal reactions of allophane. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 92–96.Google Scholar
Henmi, T. & Wada, K. (1976) Morphology and composition of allophane. American Mineralogist, 61, 379–390.Google Scholar
Herbert, D.A. & Fownes, J.H. (1995) Phosphorus limitation of forest leaf-area and net primary production on a highly weathered soil. Biogeochemistry, 29, 223–235.Google Scholar
Higashi, T. & Ikeda, H. (1974) Dissolution of allophane by acid oxalate solution. Clay Science, 4, 205–212.Google Scholar
Hiradate, S. & Wada, S.I. (2005) Weathering process of volcanic glass to allophane determined by Al-27 and Si-29 solid-state NMR. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35, 401–408.Google Scholar
Hiradate, S., Hirai, H. & Hashimoto, H. (2006) Characterization of allophanic Andisols by solidstate C-13, Al-27, and Si-29 NMR and by C stable isotopic ratio, delta C-13. Geoderma, 136, 696–707.Google Scholar
Idol, T., Baker, P.J. & Meason, D. (2007) Indicators of forest ecosystem productivity and nutrient status across precipitation and temperature gradients in Hawaii. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23, 693–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, K. & Huang, P.M. (1986) Influence of selected organic-ligands on the formation of allophane and imogolite. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50, 1623–1633.Google Scholar
Inoue, K. & Huang, P.M. (1990) Perturbation of imogolite formation by humic substances. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 54, 1490–1497.Google Scholar
Jongmans, A.G., Verburg, P., Nieuwenhuyse, A. & Vanoort, F. (1995) Allophane, imogolite, and gibbsite in coatings in a Costa Rican andisol. Geoderma, 64, 327–342.Google Scholar
Jongmans, A.G., Denaix, L., Vanoort, F. & Nieuwenhuyse, A. (2000) Induration of C horizons by allophane and imogolite in Costa Rican volcanic soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 254–262.Google Scholar
Karltun, E., Bain, D.C., Gustafsson, J.P., Mannerkoski, H., Murad, E., Wagner, U., Fraser, A.R., McHardy, W.J. & Starr, M. (2000) Surface reactivity of poorly ordered minerals in podzol B horizons. Geoderma, 94, 263–286.Google Scholar
Kirkman, J.H. (1975) Clay mineralogy of some tephra beds of the Rotorua area, North Island, New Zealand. Clay Minerals, 10, 437–449.Google Scholar
Kirkman, J.H. (1980) Clay mineralogy of a sequence of andesitic tephra beds of Western Taranaki, New Zealand. Clay Minerals 15, 157–163.Google Scholar
Kirkman, J.H. & McHardy, W.J. (1980) A comparative study of the morphology, chemical composition and weathering of rhyolitic and andesitic glass. Clay Minerals, 15, 165–173.Google Scholar
Legay, B. & Schaefer, R. (1984) Modalities of the energy-flow in different tropical soils, as related to their mineralization capacity of organic carbon and to the type of clay. II The degradation of various substrates. Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie, 139, 389–400.Google Scholar
Levard, C., Rose, J., Masion, A., Doelsch, E., Borschneck, D., Olivi, L., Dominici, C., Grauby, O., Woicik, J.C. & Bottero, J.Y. (2008) Synthesis of large quantities of single-walled aluminogermanate nanotube. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 5862–5863.Google Scholar
Lilienfein, J., Quails, R.G., Uselman, S.M. & Bridgham, S.D. (2004a) Adsorption of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in soils of a weathering chronosequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 292–305.Google Scholar
Lilienfein, J., Quails, R.G., Uselman, S.M. & Bridgham, S.D. (2004b) Adsorption of dissolved organic and inorganic phosphorus in soils of a weathering chronosequence. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 620–628.Google Scholar
Lindner, G.G., Nakazawa, H. & Hayashi, S. (1998) Hollow nanospheres, allophanes: ‘All-organic’ synthesis and characterization. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 21, 381–386.Google Scholar
Liu, Q., Loganathan, P., Hedley, M.J. & Skinner, M.F. (2006) Root processes influencing phosphorus availability in volcanic soils under young Pinus radiata plantations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36, 1913–1920.Google Scholar
Lopez-Ulloa, M., Veldkamp, E. & de Koning, G.H.J. (2005) Soil carbon stabilization in converted tropical pastures and forests depends on soil type. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69, 1110–1117.Google Scholar
Lorenz, K., Lai, R., Preston, C.M. & Nierop, K.G.J. 2007. Strengthening the soil organic carbon pool by increasing contributions from recalcitrant aliphatic bio(macro) molecules. Geoderma, 142, 1–10.Google Scholar
Lowe, D.J. (1986) Controls on the rates of weathering and clay mineral genesis in airfall tephras: a review and New Zealand case study. Pp. 265–330 in: Rates of Chemical Weathering of Rocks and Minerals (Coleman, S.M. & Dethier, D.P., editors). Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lowe, D.J. & Palmer, D.J. (2005) Andisols of New Zealand and Australia. Journal of Integrated Field Science, 2, 39–65.Google Scholar
Lumsdon, D.G. & Farmer, V.C. (1995) Solubility characteristics of proto-imogolite sols: how silicic acid can detoxify aluminum solutions. European Journal of Soil Science, 46, 179–186.Google Scholar
Lundström, U.S., van Breemen, N. & Bain, D.C. (2000) The podzolization process. A review. Geoderma, 94, 91–107.Google Scholar
McBride, M.B., Farmer, V.C., Russell, J.D. Tait, J.M. & Goodman, B.A. (1984) Iron substitution in aluminosilicate sols synthesized at low pH. Clay Minerals, 19, 1–8.Google Scholar
McDowell, R.W. & Condron, L.M. (2004) Estimating phosphorus loss from New Zealand grassland soils. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 47, 137–145.Google Scholar
MacLeod, C.J. & Moller, H. (2006) Intensification and diversification of New Zealand agriculture since 1960: An evaluation of current indicators of land use change. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 115, 201–218.Google Scholar
McLeod, M., Aislabie, J., Ryburn, J. & McGill, A. (2008) Regionalizing potential for microbial bypass flow through New Zealand soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37, 1959–1967.Google Scholar
Menneer, J.C., McLay, C.D.A. & Lee, R. (2001) Effects of sodium-contaminated wastewater on soil permeability of two New Zealand soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 39, 877–891.Google Scholar
Metherall, A.K., Harding, L.A., Cole, C.V. & Parton, W.J. (1993) CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model Environment Technical Documentation, Agroecosystem Version 4.0. Great Plains System Research Unit, Technical Report No. 4. USDA-ARS, Ft. Collins.Google Scholar
Ming, D.W., Mittlefehld, D.W., Morris, R.V., Golden, D.C., Gellert, R., Yen, A., Clark, B.C., Squyres, S.W., Farrand, W.H., Ruff, S.W., Arvidson, R.E., Klingelhofer, G., McSween, H.Y., Rodionov, D.S., Schroder, C., de Souza, P.A. & Wang, A. (2006) Geochemical and mineralogieal indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research - Planets, 111, E02S12.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B.D. & Farmer, V.C. (1962) Amorphous clay minerals in some Scottish soil profiles. Clay Minerals Bulletin, 5, 128–144.Google Scholar
Montarges-Pelletier, E., Bogenez, S., Pelletier, M., Razafitianamaharavo, A., Ghanbaja, J., Lartiges, B. & Michot, L. (2005) Synthetic allophane-like particles: textural properties. Colloids and Surfaces A - Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 255, 1–10.Google Scholar
Moro, M.C., Cembranos, M.L. & Fernandes, A. (2000) Allophane-like materials in the weather zones of Silurian phosphate-rich veins from Santa Creu d'Olorda (Barcelona, Spain). Clay Minerals, 35, 411–421.Google Scholar
Naafs, D.F.W. & van Bergen, P.F. (2002) A quantitative study on the chemical composition of ester-bound moieties in an acidic Andosolic forest soil. Organic Geochemistry, 33, 189–199.Google Scholar
Neff, J.C., Hobbie, S.E. & Vitousek, P.M. (2000) Nutrient and mineralogieal control on dissolved organic C., N and P fluxes and stoichiometry in Hawaiian soils. Biogeochemistry, 51, 283–302.Google Scholar
Nierop, K.G.J., van Bergen, P.F., Buurman, P. & van Lagan, B. (2005) NaOH and Na2P2O7 extractable organic matter in two allophanie volcanic ash soils of the Azores Islands — a pyrolysis GC-MS study. Geoderma, 127, 36–51.Google Scholar
Nierop, K.G.J., Tonneijck, F.H., Jansen, B. & Verstraten, J.M. (2007) Organic matter in volcanic ash soils under forest and paramo along an Ecuadorian altitudinal transect. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71, 1119–1127.Google Scholar
Olander, L.P. & Vitousek, P.M. (2005) Short-term controls over inorganic phosphorus during soil and ecosystem development. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 37, 651–659.Google Scholar
Osher, LJ Matson, PA & Amundson, R (2003) Effect of land use change on soil carbon in Hawaii. Biogeochemistry, 65, 213–232.Google Scholar
Parfltt, R.L. (1989) Phosphate reactions with natural allophane, ferrihydrite and goethite. Journal of Soil Science, 40, 359–369.Google Scholar
Parfltt, R.L. (1990a) Allophane in New Zealand - A Review. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 28, 343–360.Google Scholar
Parfltt, R.L. (1990b) Estimation of imogolite in soils & clays by DTA. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 21, 623–628.Google Scholar
Parfltt, R.L. & Childs, C.W. (1988) Estimation of forms of Fe and Al: a review, and analysis of contrasting soils by dissolution and Moessbauer methods. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 26, 121–144.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Henmi, T. (1980) Structure of some allophanes from New Zealand. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 285–294.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Henmi, T. (1982) Comparison of an oxalate-extraction method and an infrared spectroscopic method for determining allophane in soil clays. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 28, 183–190.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Kimble, J.M. (1989) Conditions for formation of allophane in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53, 971–977.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Saigusa, M. (1985) Allophane and humus-aluminium in Spodosols and Andepts formed from the same volcanic ash beds in New Zealand. Soil Science, 139, 149–155.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Webb, T.W. (1984) Allophane in some South Island yellow-brown shallow and stony soils and high country and upland yellow-brown earths. New Zealand Journal of Science, 27, 37–40.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Wilson, A.D. (1985) Estimation of allophane and halloysite in three sequences of volcanic soils, New Zealand. Catena Supplement, 7, 1–8.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Fraser, A.R. & Farmer, V.C. (1977) Adsorption on hydrous oxides. III. Fulvic acid and humic acid on goethite, gibbsite and imogolite. Journal of Soil Science, 28, 289–296.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Furkert, R.J. & Henmi, T. (1980) Identification and structure of two types of allophane from volcanic ash soils and tephra. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 328–334.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Saigusa, M. & Eden, D. N. (1984) Soil development processes in an Aqualf-Ochrept sequence from loess with admixtures of tephra, New Zealand. Journal of Soil Science, 35, 625–640.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Hume, L.J. & Sparling, G.P. (1989) Loss of availability of phosphate in some New Zealand soils. Journal of Soil Science 40, 371–382.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Theng, B.K.G., Whitton, J.S. & Shepherd, G. (1997) Effects of clay minerals and land use on soil organic matter pools. Geoderma, 75, 1–12.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Yuan, G. & Theng, B.K.G. (1999) A 13C NMR study of the interactions of soil organic matter with aluminium and allophane in podzols. European Journal of Soil Science, 50, 695–700.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Parshotam, A. & Salt, G.J. (2002) Carbon turnover in two soils with contrasting mineralogy under long-term maize and pasture. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 127–136.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Arnold, G., Baisden, T., Claydon, J., Dodd, M., Ross, C. & Schipper, L. (2007) Changes of C and N from NZ soil profiles under pasture over 20 years. 3rd International Conference on Mechanisms of Organic Matter Stabilisation and Destabilisation in Soils and Sediments, Adelaide, September 23-26 2007. Page 82.Google Scholar
Paterson, E. (1977) Specific surface area and pore structure of allophanic soil clays. Clay Minerals, 12, 1–9.Google Scholar
Paul, S., Flessa, H., Veldkamp, E. & Lopez-Ulloa, M. (2008) Stabilization of recent soil carbon in the humid tropics following land use changes: evidence from aggregate fractionation and stable isotope analyses. Biogeochemistry, 87, 247–263.Google Scholar
Perakis, S.S. & Hedin, L.O. (2007) State factor relationships of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen losses from unpolluted temperate forest watersheds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, G02010, 1–7.Google Scholar
Percival, H.J. (1985) Soil solutions, minerals and equilibria. New Zealand Soil Bureau Science Report 69.Google Scholar
Percival, H.J., Parfitt, R.L. & Scott, N.A. (2000) Factors controlling soil carbon in a range of New Zealand grassland soils: is clay important. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 1623–1630.Google Scholar
Perrott, K.W. (1978) The influence of organic matter extracted from humified clover on the properties of amorphous aluminosilicates. I. Surface charge. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 16, 327–339.Google Scholar
Powers, J.S. & Schlesinger, W.H. (2002) Relationships among soil carbon distributions and biophysical factors at nested spatial scales in rain forests of northeastern Costa Ric. Geoderma, 109, 165–190.Google Scholar
Rafter, T.A. & Stout, J.D. (1970) Radiocarbon measurements as an index of the rate of turnover of organic matter in forest and grassland ecosystems in New Zealand: Radiocarbon variations and absolute chronology. Proceedings of the twelfth Nobel symposium held at the Institute of Physics at Uppsala University, 401-417.Google Scholar
Rajan, S.S.S. (1975) Mechanism of phosphate adsorption by allophane clays. New Zealand Journal of Science, 18, 93–101.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, C., Southard, R.J. & Horwath, W.R. (2006) Mineral control of organic carbon mineralization in a range of temperate conifer forest soils. Global Change Biology, 12, 834–847.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, C., Southard, R.J. & Horwath, W.R. (2007) Soil mineralogy affects conifer forest soil carbon source utilization and microbial priming. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71, 1141–1150.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Rodríguez A., Guerra, A., Arbelo, C., Mora, J.L., Gorrin, S.P. & Armas, C. (2004) Forms of eroded soil organic carbon in Andosols of the Canary Islands (Spain). Geoderma, 111, 205-219.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Rodríguez A., Arbelo, C.D., Guerra, J.A., Mora, J.L., Notario, J.S. & Armas, C.M. (2006) Organic carbon stocks and soil erodibility in Canary Islands Andosols. Catena, 66, 228–235.Google Scholar
Ross, C.S. & Kerr, P.F. (1934) Halloysite and allophane. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 185-189, 135–148.Google Scholar
Ross, D.J., Tate, K.R. & Cairns, A. (1982) Biochemical changes in a yellow-brown loam and a central gley soil converted from pasture to maize in the Waikato area. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 25, 35–42.Google Scholar
Saggar, S., Tate, K.R., Feltham, C.W., Childs, C.W. & Parshotam, A. (1994) Carbon turnover in a range of allophanic soils amended with C-14-labeled glucose. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 26, 1263–1271.Google Scholar
Schipper, L.A., Baisden, W.T., Parfltt, R.L., Ross, C., Claydon, J.J. & Arnold, G.C. (2007) Large losses of C and N from soil profiles under pasture in New Zealand during the past 20 years. Global Change Biology 13, 1138–1144.Google Scholar
Segalen, P. (1968) Note sur une methode de determination des produits mineraux amorphes dans certains sols a hydroxydes tropicaux. Cahiers ORSTOM Serie Pedologie, VI, 1, 105-126.Google Scholar
Sigfusson, B., Gislason, S.R. & Paton, G.I. (2008) Pedogenesis and weathering rates of a Histic Andosol in Iceland: Field and experimental soil solution study. Geoderma, 144, 572–592.Google Scholar
Silber, A., Baryosef, B., Singer, A. & Chen, Y. (1994) Mineralogical and chemical composition of three tuffs from Northern Israel. Geoderma, 63, 123–144.Google Scholar
Simonsson, M. & Berggren, D. (1998) Aluminium solubility related to secondary solid phases in upper B horizons with spodic characteristics. European Journal of Soil Science, 49, 317–326.Google Scholar
Singleton, P.L., McLeod, M. & Percival, H.J. (1989) Allophane and halloysite content and soil solution silicon in soils from rhyolitic volcanic material, New Zealand. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 27, 67–77.Google Scholar
Stevens, K.F. & Vucetich, G.C. (1985) Weathering of Upper Quaternary tephras in New Zealand. Part II. Clays minerals. Chemical Geology, 53, 237–247.Google Scholar
Tait, J.M., Yoshinaga, N. & Mitchell, B.D. (1978) The occurrence of imogolite in some Scottish soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 24, 145–151.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G. (1972) Adsorption of ammonium and some primary n-alkylammonium cations by soil allophane. Nature, 238, 150–151.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G., Russell, M., Churchman, G.J. & Parfltt, R.L. (1982) Surface properties of allophane imogolite and halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 143–149.Google Scholar
Thompson, C.H., Bridges, E.M. & Jenkins, D.A. (1996) Pans in humus podzols (Humods and Aquods) in coastal southern Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 34, 161–182.Google Scholar
Torn, M.S., Trumbore, S.E., Chadwick, O.A., Vitousek, P.M. & Hendricks, D.M. (1997) Mineral control of soil organic carbon cycling. Nature, 389, 170–173.Google Scholar
van der Gaast, S.J., Wada, K., Wada, S.I. & Kakuto, Y. (1985) Small-angle X-ray powder diffraction, morphology and structure of allophane and imogolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 237–243.Google Scholar
van Hees, P.A.W., Lundström, U.S., Starr, M. & Giesler, R. (2000) Factors influencing aluminium concentrations in soil solution from podzols. Geoderma, 94, 289–310.Google Scholar
van Olphen, H. (1971) Amorphous clay materials. Science 171, 90–91.Google Scholar
Vandickelen, R., De Roy, G. & Vansant, E.F. (1980) New Zealand allophanes: a structural study. Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions, 76, 2542–2551.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1977) Allophane and imogolite. Pp. 603–638 in: Minerals in the Soil Environment (Dixon, J.B. & Weed, S.B., editors). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Wada, K. & Greenland, D.J. (1970) Selective dissolution and differential infrared spectroscopy for characterization of ‘amorphous’ constituents in soil clays. Clay Minerals, 8, 241–254.Google Scholar
Wada, K. & Kakuto, Y. (1985) A spot test with toluidine blue for allophane and imogolite. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49, 276–278.Google Scholar
Wada, K., Wilson, M., Kakuto, Y. & Wada S-I. (1988) Synthesis and characterization of a hollow spherical form of monolayer aluminosilicate. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 11–18.Google Scholar
Wada, S-I. & Wada, K. (1977) Density and structure of allophane. Clay Minerals, 12, 289–98.Google Scholar
Wada, S-I. & Wada, K. (1981) Reactions between aluminate ions and ortho-silicic acid in dilute alkaline to neutral solutions. Soil Science, 132, 267–273.Google Scholar
Warren, C.J. & Rudolph, D.L. (1997) Clay minerals in basin of Mexico lacustrine sediments and their influence on ion mobility in groundwater. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 27, 177–198.Google Scholar
Wells, N. & Theng, B.K.G., 1985. Factors affecting the flow behaviour of soil allophane suspensions under low shear rates. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 104, 398–408.Google Scholar
Wells, N. & Childs, C.W. (1988) Flow behaviour of allophane and ferrihydrite under shearing forces. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 26, 145–152.Google Scholar
Wells, N., Childs, C.W. & Downes, C.J. (1977) Silica Springs, Tongariro National Park, New Zealand-analyses of the spring water and characterization of the alumino-silicate deposit. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 41, 1497–1506.Google Scholar
White, K.N., Ejim, A.I., Walton, R.C., Brown, A.P., Jugdaohsingh, R., Powell, J. J. & McCrohan, C.R. (2008) Avoidance of aluminum toxicity in fresh-water snails involves intracellular silicon-aluminum biointeraction. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 2189–2194.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.A., Barron, P.F. & Campbell, A.S. (1984) Detection of aluminum coordination in soils and clay fractions using 27A1 magic angle spinning NMR. Journal of Soil Science, 35, 201–207.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.A., Burt, R., Sobecki, T.M., Engel, R.J. & Hippie, K. (1996) Soil properties and genesis of pans in till-derived Andisols, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60, 206–218.Google Scholar
Yagasaki, Y., Mulder, J. & Okazaki, M. (2006) The role of soil organic matter and short-range ordered aluminosilicates in controlling the activity of aluminum in soil solutions of volcanic ash soils. Geoderma, 137, 40–57.Google Scholar
Yoshinaga, N. (1986) Mineralogical characteristics. II. Clay minerals. Pp. 41–56 in: Ando Soils in Japan (Wada, K., editor). Kyushu University Press, Japan.Google Scholar
Yoshinaga, N. & Aomine, S. (1962) Imogolite in some Ando soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 8, 22–29.Google Scholar
Young, A.W., Campbell, A.S. & Walker, T.W. (1980) Allophane isolated from a podzol developed in non-vitric parent material. Nature, 284, 46–48.Google Scholar
Yuan, G., Theng, B.K.G., Parfitt, R.L. & Percival, H.J. (2000) Interactions of allophane with humic acid and cations. European Journal of Soil Science, 51, 35–41.Google Scholar
Zunino, H., Borie, F., Aguilera, S., Martin, J.P. & Haider, K. (1982) Decomposition of 14 C-labeled glucose, plant and microbial products and phenols in volcanic ashderived soils of Chile. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 14, 37–43.Google Scholar
Zysset, M., Blaser, P., Luster, J. & Gehring, A.U. (1999) Aluminum solubility control in different horizons of a Podzol. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 1106–1115.Google Scholar