Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T15:53:06.391Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microwave-activated p-TSA dealuminated montmorillonite – a new material with improved catalytic activity†

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

S. Ramesh ,
Y. S. Bhat  and
B. S. Jai Prakash
S. Ramesh
Affiliation:
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Bangalore Institute of Technology, K.R. Road, Bangalore 560 004, India
Y. S. Bhat
Affiliation:
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Bangalore Institute of Technology, K.R. Road, Bangalore 560 004, India
B. S. Jai Prakash*
Affiliation:
Institute of Environment and Hazardous Materials Management, V. V. Pura College of Science, K.R. Road, Bangalore 560 004, India
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We report a montmorillonite material with enhanced surface area but with very little alteration in cation exchange capacity (CEC) upon dealumination with para toluene sulphonic acid (p-TSA). The new material shows higher catalytic activity in comparison with mineral-acid-treated clay. Montmorillonite clay was treated with p-TSA for 10 minutes under microwave irradiation. The resulting clay was characterized by CEC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia and cyclic voltametry (CV) techniques. XRD patterns show an unchanged structure of pristine matrix after the acid action. BET analysis revealed an increase in the surface area and pore volume on p-TSA treatment, indicating formation of voids in the octahedral layer which suggests dealumination. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption curves showed the creation of new micro porous regions, possibly in the octahedral sheets. In contrast to mineral acid treatment, p-TSA treated clay samples showed similar CEC which shows the absence of dissolution of isomorphously substituted Mg and Fe ions present in the octahedral layer. CV studies confirm the formation of an Al-p-TSA complex, suggesting dissolution of aluminium octahedral sheets. The complex subsequently hydrolyses, replacing interlayer cations with Al3+ ions. Similar treatment with mineral acid resulted in clay with enhanced surface area but with reduced CEC, evidently due to the removal of isomorphously substituted Fe and Mg. Further, the p-TSA treated clays showed relatively higher esterification activity under solvent-free microwave irradiation. The p-TSA treated clay retained its activity even after three subsequent runs and thus can be exploited for practical applications.

Keywords

p-TSA treatmentmontmorillonitemicrowave irradiationmicroporositymixed-ion clays
Type
Research Papers
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 47 , Issue 2 , June 2012 , pp. 231 - 242
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

Presented at the Euroclay 2011 Conference at Antalya, Turkey

References

Achyut Panda, K., Mishra, B.G., Mishra, D. K. & Singh, R. K. (2010) Effect of sulphuric acid treatment on the physico-chemical properties of kaolin clay. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 363, 98–104.Google Scholar
Anil, S.G., Nadim, S.S., Gowda, K.K., Vishnu, H.D., Thottappilli, R. & Ashutosh, V. B. (2000) Clay catalyzed conversion of isatoic anhydride to 2-(oaminophenyl) oxazolines. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, 1, 999–1001.Google Scholar
Belver, C., Munoz, M.A.B. & Vicente M. A (2002) Chemical activation of a kaolinite under acid and alkaline condition. Chemistry of Materials, 14, 2033–2043.Google Scholar
Breen, C. & Moronta, J. (2001) Influence of exchange cations and layer charge on the isomerisation of apinene over SWy-2, SAz-1 and Sap-Ca. Clay Minerals, 36, 467–472.Google Scholar
Breen, C.J., Madejova, J. & Komadel, P. (1995) Characterisation of moderately acid-treated, sizefractionated montmorillonites using IR and MAS NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 5, 469–474.Google Scholar
Chandrashekara, B.M., Jai Prakash, B. S. & Bhat, Y. S. (2011) Dealumination of beta zeolites under microwave irradiation. ACS Catalysis, 1, 193–199.Google Scholar
Emeis, C.A. (1963) Determination of integrated molar extension coefficient for infrared absorption bands of pyridine adsorbed on solid acid catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 141, 347–354.Google Scholar
Frankel, M. (1974) Surface acidity of montmorillonites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 22, 435–441.Google Scholar
Hart, M. P. & Brown, D. R. (2004) Surface acidities and catalytic activities of acid-activated clays. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 212, 315–321.Google Scholar
Jankovic, L. & Komadel, P. (2003) Metal ion exchanged montmorillonite catalysed protection of aromatic aldehydes with AC2O. Journal of Catalysis, 218, 227–233.Google Scholar
Komadel, P., Schmidit, D., Madejova, J. & Cicil, B. (1990) Correlation of catalytic activity with infra-red, 29Si MAS NMR and acidity data for HCl-treated fine fractions of montmorillonite. Applied Clay Science, 5, 113–122.Google Scholar
Komadel, P., Madejova, J., Janek, M., Gates, W.P., Kirkpatrick, R. J. & Stucki, J. W. (1996) Chemically modified smectites, Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 228–236.Google Scholar
Korichi, S., Elias, A. & Mefti, A. (2009) Characterisation of smectite after acid activation with microwave irradiation. Applied Clay Science, 42, 428–432.Google Scholar
Kumar, P., Jasra, R. V. & Bhat, T. S.G. (1995) Evolution of porosity and surface acidity in montmorillonite clay on acid activation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 34, 1440–1448.Google Scholar
Mortland, M. M. & Raman, K. V. (1968) Surface acidity of smectites in relation to hydration, exchangeable cation, and structure. Clays and Clay Minerals, 16, 393–398.Google Scholar
Nagendrappa, G. (2011) Organic synthesis using clay and clay supported reagents. Applied Clay Science, 53, 106–138.Google Scholar
Parry, E. (1963) An infrared study of pyridine adsorbed on acidic solids, characterization of surface acidity. Journal of Catalysis, 2, 371–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramesh, S., Jai Prakash, B. S. & Bhat, Y. S. (2009) Enhancing Brønsted acid site activity of ion exchanged montmorillonite by microwave irradiation for ester synthesis. Applied Clay Science, 48, 159–163.Google Scholar
Ramesh, S., Jai Prakash, B. S. & Bhat, Y. S. (2011) Highly active and selective C-alkylation of p-cresol with cyclohexanol using p-TSA treated clays under solvent free microwave irradiation. Applied Catalysis A, 413-414, 157–162.Google Scholar
Reddy, C.R., Vijayakumar, B., Iyengar, P., Nagendrappa, G. & Jai Prakash, B.S. (2004) Synthesis of pcresylphenylacetate using aluminium exchanged montmorillonite clay catalyst. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 223, 117–122.Google Scholar
Reddy, C.R., Bhat, Y.S., Nagendrappa, G. & Jai Prakash, B.S. (2009) Brønsted and Lewis acidity of modified montmorillonite clay catalysts determined by FT-IR spectroscopy. Catalysis Today, 141, 157–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, C. N. & Brown, D. R. (1992) Structural characterisation and optimisation of acid-treated montmorillonite and high-porosity silica supports for ZnCl2 alkylation catalysts. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 88, 2269–2274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandel, E.B. (1959) Colorimetric Determination of Traces of Metals, 3rd edition. Interscience Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Selvaraj, S., Mohan, B.V., Krishna, K. N. & Jai Prakash, B.S. (1996) Pillaring of smectites using an aluminium oligomer: A study of pillar density and thermal stability. Applied Clay Science, 10, 439–450.Google Scholar
Steudel, A., Batenburg, L.F., Fischer, H.R., Weidler, P. G. & Emmerich, K. (2009) Alteration of swelling clay minerals by acid activation. Applied Clay Science, 44, 105–115.Google Scholar
Yadav, G. D. & George, G. (2008) Single step synthesis of 4- hydroxybenzophenone via esterification and Fries rearrangement: novelty of cesium substituted heteropoly acid supported on clay. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A, 292, 54–61.Google Scholar
Zhou, C.H (2011) An overview on strategies towards clay-based designer catalysts for green and sustainable catalysis. Applied Clay Science, 53, 87–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar