¹ Such an epithet might well be used as the equivalent of a personal name. A parallel case may perhaps be found in Richard Coeur de Lion; the poetical record of his deeds is regrettably scanty, but in the English metrical romance of the first half of the fourteenth century which bears his name he is once addressed as Coer de Lyon; the combination of name and epithet is fairly frequent. The poet had no great metrical difficulties to contend with.