^{page 360 note 1} E.A. i. 231 ff.

^{page 361 note 1} Ib. i. 250 ff.

^{page 361 note 2} Fig. 1 = Overbeck Kunstmyth. Zeus Gemmentaf. 3, 7, cp. Creuzer Symbolik ³ iii. 1 pl. 6, 27, Furtwängler Ant. Gemm. pl. 18, 6. The gem is chalcedony scarab, formerly in the Dehn collection.

^{page 361 note 3} So Panofka (‘Über verlegene Mythen’ in Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad. 1839 p. 35, pl. 1, 5) and Welcker (Gr. Götterl. i. 162, n. 5), who call the god Zeus Triopas. Creuzer (Symbolik ³ iii. 204) and Overbeck (Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 259) take the same view—‘ein Zeus als Herrscher in den drei Reichen.’ Furtwängler (Ant. Gemm. ii. 87) thinks that the animal at the feet of the god is not a dog but ‘ein kleiner Seedrache.’

^{page 361 note 4} C.R. xvii. 269.

^{page 361 note 5} Paul. exc. Fest. s.v. ‘Vaticanus’ p. 161 Lind.

^{page 361 note 6} N. h. 16. 237.

^{page 361 note 7} N.A. 16. 17.

^{page 361 note 8} Reff. in Pauly-Wissowa, iii. 1273.

^{page 361 note 9} Tac. ann. 4. 65.

^{page 361 note 10} Regio ii. ‘Caelemontium.’

^{page 361 note 11} Dessau 3080.

^{page 361 note 12} Suet. Vesp. 5, cp. Pers. 2. 24 ff. and Varr. r.r. 1. 40.

^{page 361 note 13} The restoration is confirmed by the order . On the Copt Oaks of Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire see County Folk-lore iii. 25 ff.

^{page 361 note 14} Serv. Aen. 6. 72.

^{page 361 note 15} Cp. Amm. Marc. 17. 10. 2 in…libris… Vegonicis, Grom. Lat. p. 348 ex libris… Vegoiae, p. 350 Vegoiae: see Pauly-Wissowa iii. 194.

^{page 361 note 16} Cp. C.R. xviii. 79.

^{page 361 note 17} Müller-Deecke Die Etrusker ii. 43.

^{page 361 note 18} Jan on Macrob. Sat. 1. 6. 7 collects the literary evidence and Müller-Deecke op. cit. i. 346, n. 65 the monumental.

^{page 361 note 19} Dionya. ant. Rom. 3. 62, Fest. s.v. ‘picta’ p. 197 Lind., alib.

^{page 361 note 20} C.R. xvii. 410, xviii. 84 n. 1; xvii. 404, 416 f.

^{page 361 note 21} Dionys. ant. Rom. 3. 62.

^{page 361 note 22} Tertull. de coron. 13, Plin. n.h. 21. 6, 33. 11, alib. Figured in Etruscan art: Micali mon. ined. pl. 49, 1; Dennis, The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria ³ i. 394 ff., 456, ii. 486.Google Scholar See also the painting of a triumphator found in the Macellum at Pompeii (Roux-Barré iii. 55, pl. 2. 120).

^{page 361 note 23} Plut. v. Rom. 25, Festus s.v. ‘ Sardi venales,’ p. 252 Lind.

^{page 362 note 1} The use of the bulla as a prophylactic amulet (Dar.-Sagl. s.v. ‘bulla’) is probably derived from its use as a solar symbol: cp. the apotropaeic moon—Hesych. and Jahn, ‘Über d. Aberglauben des bösen Blicks’ in Berichte über d. Verhandl. d. k. Sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wissenschaft. za Leipzig 1855 p. 42, n. 48.Google Scholar Another symbol of Jupiter used as a prophylactic sign was a sprig of oak-leaves: to the exx. quoted by Jahn ib. p. 105 from votive hands add Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes no. 875, figs. 21, 22.

^{page 362 note 2} Dionys. ant. Rom. 3. 61.

^{page 362 note 3} Thus the Scythians, whose land was devoid of trees (Hdt. 4. 19, 61), worshipped Ares under the form of an iron scimitar set upright on many bundles of sticks (ib. 62). At Rhegium there was a temple of Diana (Prob. in Verg. buc. p. 348 Lion) or (Lucil. sat. 3. 72 Bähr.) founded by Orestes, who had brought the image from Taurica in a bundle of sticks and on his departure ‘left his sword in a tree’ (Cato orig. 3 ap. Prob. l.c.). In both these cases there is the same combination of weapon and bundle of sticks as in that of the Etruscan fasces.

^{page 362 note 4} Serv. Aen. 7. 207: cp. Zeus and the wife of Amphitryon, C.R. xvii. 409. Another version made Corythus the son of Jupiter (Serv. Aen. 3. 167).

^{page 362 note 5} Dar. Sagl. i. 1522, n. 53, fig. 1972.

^{page 362 note 6} Verg. Aen. 11. 5 ff.

^{page 362 note 7} Ridgeway E.A. i. 244 ff.

^{page 362 note 8} Verg. Aen. 11. 16, cp. 173.

^{page 362 note 9} Details in Müller-Deecke Die Etrusker i. 344 ff.

^{page 362 note 10} Dessan 3401; cp. 3028, C.I.L. 14. 3557, which record a Jupiter Territor and a Jupiter Custos at Tibur.

^{page 362 note 11} Plin. n.h. 16. 237.

^{page 362 note 12} Cato orig. 2, frag. 56 Peter. See Roscher Lex. and Pauly-Wissowa s.v. ‘Catillus.’

^{page 362 note 13} Cp. the tree-trinities discussed in C.R. xvii. 406 ff.

^{page 362 note 14} Dyer in Smith Diet. Geogr. ii. 1203.

^{page 362 note 15} I.e. Δρυοκολπτης, the Woodpecker: see C.R. xvii. 412, xviii. 80 f., 83 f.

^{page 362 note 16} Verg. Aen. 7. 171 f.

^{page 362 note 17} Ib. 11. 851. Cp. the tomb of Ilus: C.R. xvii. 77. Note also the fountain sacred to the Sun at Laurentum (Dionys. ant. Rom. 1. 55).

^{page 362 note 18} C.R. xvii. 420 f.

^{page 362 note 19} Aen. 7. 678.

^{page 362 note 20} Verg. Aen. 8. 564, Lyd. de mens. 1. 8.

^{page 362 note 21} Serv. Aen. 8. 564.

^{page 362 note 22} Orelli 1756.

^{page 362 note 23} Dionys. ant. Rom. 5. 61.

^{page 362 note 24} Top. Rom. ii. 187.

^{page 362 note 25} Plin. n.h. 3. 69.

^{page 363 note 1} Liv. 3. 25.

^{page 363 note 2} Liv. 1. 31. 3.

^{page 363 note 3} This may be inferred from the statement that the sow of Alba Longa was found ‘sub ilieibus’ (Verg. Aen. 8. 43, Auson. epist. 7. 17).

^{page 363 note 4} Bull, dell' Inst. 1861 p. 86.

^{page 363 note 5} S.v. ‘oscillantes’ p. 193 Lind., cp. schol. Bob. in Cic. pro Plane, p. 256.

^{page 363 note 6} Gell. 1. 12. 14, 19.

^{page 363 note 7} Roscher Lex. i. 266 f.

^{page 363 note 8} Juv. 4. 60 with Mayor's n.

^{page 363 note 9} Liv. 1. 2. 6, Plin. n.h. 3. 56, Serv. Aen. 1. 259, 4. 620.

^{page 363 note 10} See the lists in Marindin Class. Dict. s.v. ‘Silvius.’

^{page 363 note 11} Verg. Aen. 6. 772, an important passage to which Dr. Frazer drew my attention.

^{page 363 note 12} Robert, C.die antiken Sarkophag-Reliefs iii. 2, p. 229, pl. 60.Google Scholar

^{page 363 note 13} Met. 14. 617 f.

^{page 363 note 14} Ant. Rom. 1. 71.

^{page 363 note 15} Ib. 1. 70. Preller-Jordan ii. 336 n., cp. Diodor. ap. Euseb. i. 389 Aucher: Iulius autem imperio cedere coactus pontifex maximus constitutus fuit et fere secundus rex habebatur, a quo ortam Iuliam familiam hucusque perdurare aiunt.

^{page 363 note 16} Bücheler, in Rh. Mus. 1889 xliii. 135, 1890 xliv. 323Google Scholar. See Stolz Hist. Gramm. d. Lat. Spr. i. 204, 460. The derivation of Iulus from Iupiter is asserted by the auctor de origine gent. Rom. 15. 5.

^{page 363 note 17} Dessau 2988. Another inser. found at Castel Gandolfo on the Alban Late mentions a certain L. Manlius, who was rex sacrorum and quattuorvir at Bovillae. Dessau 4942 suggests that he was rex at Bovillae, not Home: but?

^{page 363 note 18} Tac. ann. 2. 41.

^{page 363 note 19} Tac. ib. 15. 23. See further Hülsen in Pauly-Wissowa iii. 798 f.

^{page 363 note 20} Pro Mil. 85.

^{page 364 note 1} Strab. 239.

^{page 364 note 2} Cp. Salmoneus on a vase already figured (C.R. xvii. 276). Zeus at Mylasa had a sword, as had Zeus at Stratonicea (ib. 417). Orestes founded a cult of Diana at Rhegium and ‘left his sword in a tree’ (supra p. 362 n. 3): Orestes founded a cult of Diana at Aricia (Serv. Aen. 6. 136) and the local priest is armed with a sword. The parallel suggests that the latter, like the former, was a divine weapon.

^{page 364 note 3} See C.R. xvi. 369.

^{page 364 note 4} Marindin in Smith Dict. Ant. ² ii. 305. Oscilla are in effect the skulls of the victims: cp. C.R. xvii. 269 ff.

^{page 364 note 5} S.v. ‘oscillantes’ p. 193 Lind., cp. schol. Bob. in Cic. pro Plane, p. 256.

^{page 364 note 6} Tertull. apol. 9, alib. See Marquardt iii. 285 n.

^{page 364 note 7} Plin. n.h. 27. 45. The victor drank absinthium.

^{page 364 note 8} Roscher Lex. ii. 653.

^{page 364 note 9} C.R. xvii. 273 ff., 278, 411, xviii. 88.

^{page 364 note 10} Plin. n.h. 15. 126, Val. Max. 3. 6. 5.

^{page 364 note 11} Roscher Lex. ii. 745 = mon. ined. x pl. 29.

^{page 364 note 12} Liv. 1. 10. 5.

^{page 364 note 13} E.A. i. 254 ff.

^{page 364 note 14} See De-Vit s.vv. ‘feretrum,’ ‘ferculum.’

^{page 364 note 15} V. Rom. 16.

^{page 364 note 16} V. Marcell. 8.

^{page 364 note 17} Ant. Rom. 2. 34.

^{page 364 note 18} Liv. 1. 10. 5, cp. Sil 5. 167 f. quis opima volenti | dona Iovi portet feretro suspensa cruento.

^{page 364 note 19} Babelon Monn. de la Rép. i. 352.

^{page 364 note 20} Fest. s.v. ‘opima’ p. 190 Lind.

^{page 364 note 21} C.R. xvi. 377 n. 1, cp. xvii. 270 f. Another outcome of the same custom may be the Ludi Tarpeii or Capitolini instituted by Romulus in honour of Jupiter Feretrius (Piso frag. 7 Peter). The prize in the certamen Capitolinum founded by Domitian was an oak-wreath (Juv. 6. 387, Stat. silv. 5. 3. 231, Mart. 4. 54. 1, 9. 24. 5).

^{page 365 note 1} Phoen. 1250.

^{page 365 note 2} Aen. 11. 5.

^{page 365 note 3} Bötticher, Baumkultus p. 71 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 4} Verg. Aen. 10. 423, Lucan 1. 136 ff., Stat. Theb. 2. 707 ff., Claud, in Rufin. 1. 339. See C.R. xviii. 84 n. 2.

^{page 365 note 5} Bötticher, op. cit. p. 215 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 6} Unless indeed Tib. 1. 10. 20 ‘stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus’ can be referred to a xoanon of him. But this is very doubtful: see Overbeck, Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 555, n. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 7} Aen. 12. 206.

^{page 365 note 8} At Chaeronea: C.R. xvii. 277.

^{page 365 note 9} Serv. Aen. 8. 641.

^{page 365 note 10} Gell. 1. 21. 4, cp. Polyb. 3. 25. 6 f.

^{page 365 note 11} Roscher Lex. ii. 674 ff.

^{page 365 note 12} Polyb. 3. 25. 7.

^{page 365 note 13} Liv. 1. 24. 8 f., 9. 5. 3, Serv. Aen. 8. 641.

^{page 365 note 14} Liv. 30. 43. 9.

^{page 365 note 15} For Italian neoliths see SirEvans, J.Stone Implements ² Index p. 745 f.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 16} On the Terramare (Neolithic to Bronze Age) civilisation of Latium, see Ridgeway E.A. i. 234 ff. On its connexion with the Aborigines and Pelasgians, ib. 254 ff.

^{page 365 note 17} SirEvans, J.Stone Implements ² p. 61 ff, fig. 11.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 18} N.h. 37. 135.

^{page 365 note 19} SirEvans, J.op. cit. p. 56 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 20} C.R. xvii. 408.

^{page 365 note 21} Roscher Lex. ii. 658. On Jupiter Imbricitor, Pluvius, Pluvialis, see Preller-Jordan i. 190 n. 1.

^{page 365 note 22} Roscher ib. 656 ff.

^{page 365 note 23} Sat. 44.

^{page 365 note 24} Apol. 40.

^{page 365 note 25} C.R. xvii. 270.

^{page 365 note 26} Note also the term nudipedalia, which recalls the cult at Dodona, where the priests of the oak-Zeus were νιπτποδες: C.R. xvii. 180, cp. 186.

^{page 365 note 37} Schneider, das alte Rom plan 4 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 366 note 1} Fest. s.v. ‘Querquetulanae virae’ p. 221 Lind.

^{page 366 note 2} Schneider l.c.

^{page 366 note 3} Plut. de fort. Rom. 9 .

^{page 366 note 4} Schrader Reallex. p. 207 connects αἴγειρος with αἰγλωφ, αἰγανη. The change from *Aegeria to Ēgeria was due to popular etymology (Paul. exc. Fest. s.v. ‘Egeriae’ p. 58 Lind.): cp. the form Ἐγεραν (Plut. l.c.).

^{page 366 note 5} Fast. 3. 295.

^{page 366 note 6} Ib. 298.

^{page 366 note 7} C.R. xvii. 269 f.

^{page 366 note 8} Verg. Aen. 12. 140 f., Ov. fast. 2. 585 ff.

^{page 366 note 9} Verg. Aen. 12. 139.

^{page 366 note 10} Burton-Brown, Rec. Excavs. in the Rom. Forum p. 21 f.Google Scholar

^{page 366 note 11} Supra p. 365 n. 16.

^{page 366 note 12} Burton-Brown, op. cit. p. 20.Google Scholar

^{page 366 note 13} Comm. Boni actually found the charred remains of these oak-logs on the spot (Notizie degli Scavi 1900 p. 172, fig. 17)—a point to which Dr. Frazer first drew my attention.

^{page 366 note 14} De div. 1. 101.

^{page 366 note 15} Notizie degli Scavi 1900 p. 161, fig. 2, Hülsen das Forum Romanum p. 157, fig. 78. The extract in the text is from Mrs. Burton-Brown's book p. 38 f.

^{page 366 note 16} C.R. xvii. 185. See further Folk-Lore xv. (1904) ‘ The European Sky-god.’

^{page 366 note 17} Paul. exc. Fest. s.v. ‘ignis’ p. 78 Lind.

^{page 366 note 18} C.R. xvii. 419 ff., xviii. 327 with context. Cp. Flor. 1. 2. 3 focum Vestae virginibus colendum dedit (sc. Numa) ut ad simulacrum caelestium siderum custos imperii flamma vigilaret. Is this a mere rhetorical flourish?

^{page 366 note 19} Macrob. 3. 9. 10.

^{page 366 note 20} Dionys. ant. Rom. 2. 10. 3. See Wissowa, Rel. u. Kult. d. Römer p. 190.Google Scholar

^{page 366 note 21} 2. 166.

^{page 366 note 22} Dionys. ant. Rom. 2. 15.

^{page 366 note 23} Babelon monn. de la Riép. i. 507, 532, ii. 266.

^{page 366 note 24} Ib. i. 281, 506 ff., 532, ii. 8, 133, 266.

^{page 366 note 25} Ib. ii. 6, 8.

^{page 366 note 26} Supra p. 363.

^{page 367 note 1} Claud, de cons. Mall. Theod. 282. Cp. Dessau 3027 (Beneventum) Iovi tutatori maris.

^{page 367 note 2} Verg. Aen. 4. 638, Ov. fast. 5. 448, alib.

^{page 367 note 3} Val. Flace. 1. 730, Sil. 2. 674.

^{page 367 note 4} Sen. H.F. 47, cp. Prudent, c. Symmach. 1. 388.

^{page 367 note 5} Sil. 8. 116, Stat. Theb. 2. 49.

^{page 367 note 6} Met. 15. 858 f.

^{page 367 note 7} Cic. de nat. deor. 3. 53, Clem. Al. protr. 2. 28, Arnob. adv. nat. 4. 14, cp. Ampel. 9.

^{page 367 note 8} Serv. Aen. 8. 345.

^{page 367 note 9} Interp. Serv. ib.

^{page 367 note 10} C.R. xviii. 75, 82.

^{page 367 note 11} Ib. xvii. 269 n.2.

^{page 367 note 12} That the triple Zeus of Argos was an oak-god appears not only from his connexion with Phorbas (C.R. xviii. 76), but also from an amethyst at Florence (Panofka Aryos Panoptes Berlin 1838 pl. 1, 2) which shows Argus as guardian of the cow Io seated under a tree that is part oak, part olive, and from a paste at Berlin (Creuzer Symbolik ³ ii. 323, pl. 8, 28) on which he is beheaded by Hermes beside a similar oak-olive (see C.R. xvii. 273 and xviii. 88).

^{page 367 note 13} Overbeck Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 476, 478, Dar.- Sagl. i. 419 fig. 508.

^{page 367 note 14} Ib. p. 91 f.

^{page 367 note 15} Ib. p. 92.

^{page 367 note 16} Cohen, Descr. des monn. imp.² ii. 129, nos. 281, 282.Google Scholar R. Mowat in the Bulletin épigraphique iii. 168 takes this to be Janus Qnadrifrons with his fourth face concealed. It is probable that Janus with four faces (Macrob. 1. 9. 13, Lyd. de mens. 4. 1, Suid. s.v. Ἰανουριος, alib.) was an amplification, not of Janus with three faces, but of Janus with two; for Janus Quadrifrons was also called Janus Geminus (Aug. de civ. Dei 7. 8). Similar relations appear to have subsisted between Hermes τετρακφαλος (Hesych. s.v. , Reinach Rép. Stat. ii. 172, 2, 3), Hermes τρικφαλος (Aristoph. frag. 468 D., Philochor. ap. Harpocr. s.v. τρικφαλος, alib.: Tzetz. Lyc. 680 states that according to some authorities Hermes had three heads ὡς οὐρνιος, θαλσσιος κα πγειος) and Hermes δικφαλος (Roscher, Lex. i. 2415 ff.Google Scholar).

^{page 367 note 17} Reinach, S.Bronzes figureés p. 187 fGoogle Scholar.

^{page 367 note 18} Linde, S.de Iano summo Romanorum deo Lund 1891.Google Scholar The question ‘an Iani et Iovis recta discretio sit’ is discussed from a religious and philosophical point of view by Aug. de civ. D. 7. 10.

^{page 367 note 19} See Corssen Ausspr.² i. 212 and the lit. cited in Dar.-Sagl.iii. 610.

^{page 368 note 1} C.I.L. v. 783.

^{page 368 note 2} Macrob. 1. 9. 14, 16. Varro de ling. Lat. 7. 27 quotes a Salian line in which the phrase ‘divom deo’ occurs. He has also (ib. 26) preserved five lines of a Salian hymn which, if we could be sure of the reading o Zeu (Lindsay Lat. lang. p. 5), would prove that the Salii identified Janus with Zeus. Bährens P.L.M. fragg. p. 30 prints them thus: Ozeúl, o dómine, es ómnium | patér! Patúlci, Cloési, | es iáneus, lanés es! | duonús cerús es oénus, | promélios déuom récum. Procl. hymn. 6. 3, 15 addresses Janus as Zeus: .

^{page 368 note 3} Macrob. 1. 9. 15, Cat. de re rust. 134, Hor. epist. 1. 16. 59, cp. sat. 2. 6. 20, Verg. Aen. 8. 357, Juv. 6. 393, Arnob. 3. 29, Dessau 3320, 3323, 3325, 5047 f., alib.

^{page 368 note 4} Gell. 5. 12. 5, cp. Dessau 3322 Ianipatri, 3324 Iani patro.

^{page 368 note 5} Arnob. 3. 29.

^{page 368 note 6} Macrob. 1. 9. 15 f., 1. 15. 19, Lyd. de mens. 4. 1, Serv. Aen. 7. 610.

^{page 368 note 7} Cat. de re rust. 141 lustration of farm.

^{page 368 note 8} Macrob. 1. 9. 16, 1. 15. 19 all Kalends. Cp. Wissowa Rel. u. Kult. d. Römer, p. 91 f. In Verg. Aen. 7. 620, Ov. fast. 1. 265 f., it is Juno who opens the gates of Janus: cp. Serv. Aen. 2. 610, 7. 610. Moreover Civ. de n. d. 2. 68 equates Juno Lucina with Diana Omnivaga, i.e. with the consort of Janus.

^{page 368 note 9} Cat. de re rust. 134 before harvesting.

^{page 368 note 10} Cic. de n. d. 2. 67, Arnob. 3. 29, Macrob. 1. 9. 9: exx. in Liv. 8. 9. 6, Cat. de re rust. 134, 141, Dessau 5047 f.

^{page 368 note 11} Preller-Jordan i. 64, Wissowa op. cit. p. 20, Roscher Lex. ii. 43. See also Dict. Ant. s.v. ‘ Agonalia.’

^{page 368 note 12} E. A. i. 254 ff.

^{page 368 note 13} 1. 49.

^{page 368 note 14} Ap. Lyd. de mens. 4. 1.

^{page 368 note 15} Bährens P. L. M. fragg. p. 387.

^{page 368 note 16} Verg. Aen. 10. 423.

^{page 368 note 17} Serv. Aen. 8. 330.

^{page 368 note 18} Plin. n. h. 16. 37, cp. Varr. de ling. Lat. 5. 42 and the vicus Aesclcti on the Tiber-bank opposite to the Janiculum (Pauly-Wissowa i. 682).

^{page 368 note 19} V. Marcell. 8.

^{page 368 note 20} Verg. Aen. 6. 859, Serv. ad loc., Fest. s.v. ‘opima’ p. 190 Lind.

^{page 368 note 21} Roscher Lex. ii. 16 and 40.

^{page 368 note 22} This view submitted to Prof. Conway elicited the following reply (Jan. 10, 1903): ‘First as to Quirinus. Further reflexion attracts me greatly to your derivation; the word seems so exactly the counterpart of Gr. , which properly would be an adjective (and thence a derivative substantive meaning ‘the tree rather like an oak’): I should therefore trace it not to *Querinus (though I do not say, and I doubt if any one can, that this form could not have given quirinus) but to the almost literal equivalent of Gr. . The meaning of Quirites ‘oaken-spear-men’ would be excellent. Further it gives, at last, an excellent meaning for the Sabine town Cures (for *Quires probably) i.e. “The Oaks,” [The country about Cures abounded in oaks: Strab. 228. J.G.F.] and explains the connexion felt between this name and Quirites for which there has hitherto been no historical explanation that I know of. Mars Quirinus the god ‘of the oak’ is very parallel to your Dodonaean Zeus. As to the influence of an i in a neighbouring syllable, which, I suggest, converted *Quurínus into Quirínus, cf. diligit, colligit, as against neglegit, primitivus against genetivus (Brugmann Grundr. i² § 244, 3). These are near, but not quite parallel. No one has yet collected examples of the changes in pre-tonic syllables like Quir- in Quirínus, but some changes there certainly were.’

Dr. J. H. Moulton, whom I consulted on the same subject, wrote to me last June as follows: ‘quirînus, etc. will fit very well if we suppose a word like or , “an oak,” or (incorporating the suffix, which might be like the -en in oaken,) : in view of quirites I rather prefer the former. In that case we must entirely separate quercus, Idg. , to which belong fir, Skt. parkati, and the derivatives Erku-nia (Keltic Hercynia), Norse Fiorgynn, Lith. Perkúnas, O Slav. Perŭnu, and (I think possibly) Skt. Parjanya. The similarity of quercus and quirînus will be accidental like that of sorry and sorrow, etc.’

It should be added that Schrader Preh. Antiqq. p. 272 n. 1 connected quer-c-us with (for *qrî-no-s, cp. quer-n-us); and that Linde de Iano etc. p. 43 f. referred the title Quirinus to the root of quercus, though he took it to mean ‘the god of the strong, fortified place’ not ‘the oak-god.’

^{page 369 note 1} Conway, , Italic Dialects, i. 353.Google Scholar

^{page 369 note 2} Cp. δρν and , αἰγανη and aesculus (*aegsculus). In Val. Fl. 6. 243 quercu = ‘spear.’

^{page 369 note 3} Cp. Fest. p. 196 Lind. Pilumnoe poploe in carmine Saliari Romani velut pilis uti assneti.

^{page 369 note 4} Bötticher, Baumkultus p. 226 ff.Google Scholar, 232 ff. Id. ib. 238 argues that Janus Quirinus was represented by the spears or staves of the Salii.

^{page 369 note 5} Fest. s.v. ‘Sororium tigillum,’ p. 240 Lind., alib. Cp. Jupiter Tigillus (Aug. de civ. D. 7. 11).

^{page 369 note 6} The cognomen Trigeminus recurs in the plebeian gens Curiatia (Pauly-Wissowa, iv. 1831): cp. Tricipitinus the father of Lucretia (Liv. 1. 59. 8, Cic. de rep. 2. 47, de legg. 2. 10) and perhaps the Italian family of the Trivulzi, whose crest was a three-faced head (Heiss, A.les médailleurs de la renaissance Vittore Pisano, pp. 19, 33 no. 7Google Scholar).

^{page 369 note 7} Liv. 1. 26. 13, alib.

^{page 369 note 8} Dionys. ant. Rom. 3. 22.

^{page 369 note 9} Liv. 3. 28. 11.

^{page 369 note 10} Preller-Jordan, i. 172 f.

^{page 369 note 11} Ov. met. 7. 194 triceps Hecate: Hor. od. 3. 22. 4 diva triformis, alib.: Ov. her. 12. 79 triplicis vultus…Dianae, alib.: Verg. Aen. 4. 511 tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginia ora Diauae.

^{page 369 note 12} Paul. exc. Fest. p. 156 Lind.

^{page 369 note 13} Cp. ib. p. 38 Lind. Curiati fana (Seal. Curia tifata) a Curio dicta, quia eo loco domum habuerat.

^{page 369 note 14} Stolz Hist. Gramm. d. Lat. Spr. i. 253 f.

^{page 369 note 15} Strab. 567.

^{page 369 note 16} Verg. Aen. 7. 763, 775.

^{page 369 note 17} Hor. od. 1. 21. 6, c. saec. 69, cp. od. 3. 23. 9 f.

^{page 369 note 18} Liv. 1. 45, alib.

^{page 369 note 19} Ov. fast. 3. 295.

^{page 369 note 20} Plut. v. Caes. 9.

^{page 369 note 21} Cic. de har. resp. 32.

^{page 369 note 22} Tac. ann. 4. 65.

^{page 369 note 23} C.R. xvi. 380 n. 3.

^{page 369 note 24} De ling. Lat. 15.

^{page 369 note 25} Plin. n. h. 16. 242.

^{page 369 note 26} Th. Schreiber die Hellenistischen Reliefbilder pl. 15.

^{page 370 note 1} Dessau 3243.

^{page 370 note 2} Paus. 2. 30. 7, 2. 32. 10, Hesych. s.v. Σαρωνα Ἄρτεμις.

^{page 370 note 3} Verg. Aen. 7. 761 ff., Serv. ad loc., Ov. met. 15. 543 ff.

^{page 370 note 4} Paus. 3. 16. 9. Steuding in Roscher Lex. ii. 317 had on other grounds conjectured that Ἴρβος belonged to ‘den Kreis der Vegetationsdämonen.’

^{page 370 note 5} Paus. 2. 30. 7.

^{page 370 note 6} Call. h. Dian. 238 f.

^{page 370 note 7} E.g. Baumeister Denkm. p. 131, fig. 138.

^{page 370 note 8} Schol. Call. h. Iov. 77.

^{page 370 note 9} Brit. Mus. Cat. Gk. Coins Thessaly. etc. p. 169, pl. 27, 5.

^{page 370 note 10} Thesm. 114 f.

^{page 370 note 11} Linde de Iano etc. p. 9.

^{page 370 note 12} C.R. xvii. 177 f.

^{page 370 note 13} Dessau 5045.

^{page 370 note 14} Pauly-Wissowa ii. 1472, Roscher Lex. i. 967.

^{page 371 note 1} Arnob. 3. 29, Macrob. 1. 7. 19, Serv. Aen. 8. 319.

^{page 371 note 2} Babelon monn, de la Rép. ii. 351.

^{page 371 note 3} Roscher Lex. ii. 52 n., Dar.-Sagl. iii. 612.

^{page 371 note 4} Verg. Aen. 8. 315. Cp. C.R. xv. 322 ff. and Anth. Pal. 9. 312. 5 f. Zonas Sardianus .

^{page 371 note 5} Boni, G.Bimbi Romulei Roma 1904 pp. 7Google Scholar, 9, 13, 17 figures the oak-trunks with their contents.

^{page 371 note 6} C.R. xvii. 83 f.

^{page 371 note 7} Plaut. Cas. 334.

^{page 371 note 8} Cass. Dio 44. 6. 4, cp. Cic. Phil. 2. 110.

^{page 371 note 9} Supra p. 363. Caesar, had a palatial villa built for himself at Nemi (Suet. Jul. 46): was this due to reminiscence of the royal position once held there by the Julii?

^{page 371 note 10} Stevenson, Dict. Coins p. 247.Google Scholar

^{page 371 note 11} Suet. Calig. 22.

^{page 371 note 12} Ib. 35.

^{page 371 note 13} Supra p. 364.

^{page 371 note 14} Dionys. per. 210.

^{page 371 note 15} Stat. silv. 1. 6. 27, Mart. 9. 28. 10, 14. 1. 2; cp. 6. 10. 9 Tonantis, with Friedlander's n.

^{page 371 note 16} Dessau 320.

^{page 371 note 17} Opp. cyn. 3.

^{page 371 note 18} Duruy Hist. of Rome vi. 539. Cp. Paneg. 1. 13. 3 f., Claud, de bell. Gild. 418 f., Dessau 621, 634, 658 f., 661, 665.

^{page 371 note 19} Fig. 4. = Overbeck Kunstmyth. Zeus, Gemmentaf. 3, 6.

^{page 371 note 20} Dr. Frazer suggests that the small head above perhaps symbolises Jupiter Capitolinus: cp. Serv. Aen. 8. 345 caput humanum quod Oli diceretur. For other conjectures as to the interpretation of this difficult gem see Overbeck, ib. p. 257 f.Google Scholar, Wernicke, ant. Denkm. ii. 1. 42.Google Scholar

^{page 371 note 21} Reinach, S.Pierres Gravées p. 142, pl. 129, 23.Google Scholar

^{page 371 note 22} Furtwängler ant. Gemmen pl. 65, 48.

^{page 371 note 23} E.g. Overbeck, Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 203 f.Google Scholar

^{page 372 note 1} Dr. Frazer remarks that Jupiter was surnamed Rex (Cic. de rep. 3. 14. 23, cp. Cass. Dio 44. 11. 3), as Juno was Regina (see Preller-Jordan ii. 473 Index).

^{page 372 note 2} Cass. Dio 43. 14. 6, 43. 21. 2, 43. 45. 2, cp. Suet. Jul. 76.

^{page 372 note 3} Suet. Nero 25.

^{page 372 note 4} Pauly-Wissowa iv. 902.

^{page 372 note 5} Stevenson, Diet. Coins p. 248 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 372 note 6} Fig. 5 = Brit. Mus. Cat. Gk. Coins Pontus, etc. pl. 2, 6. For description see C.R. xviii. 80.

^{page 372 note 7} Babelon monn. de la Rép. ii. 17. Pietas was equivalent to Julius Caesar, as we see from an aureus of the same gens, which portrays a veiled head of Pietas with the features of Caesar (ib. p. 16).

^{page 372 note 8} Mon. Ancyr. 6. 14, Cass. Dio 53. 16. 4, Ov. met. 1. 562 f., fast. 1. 614, 4. 953, trist. 3. 1. 36, Plin. n.h. 16. 8, cp. Tac. ann. 2. 83.

^{page 372 note 9} Val. Max. 2. 8. 7, Plin. n.h. 16. 7, Suet. Tib. 26, Calig. 19, Claud. 17.

^{page 372 note 10} Cass. Dio 53. 16. 4, Val. Max. 2. 8 7, Ov. trist. 3. 1. 39 ff., Sen. de clem. 1. 26. 5. Cp. the oakcrown OB CIVES SERVATOS constantly represented on imperial coins.

^{page 372 note 11} Plin. n.h. 16. 11 f., cp. Plut. quaest. Rom. 92, v. Coriol. 3.

^{page 372 note 12} Aen. 6. 772.

^{page 372 note 13} Ov. trist. 3. 1. 35 f.

^{page 372 note 14} Fest. s.v. ‘ordo’ p. 189 Lind.

^{page 372 note 15} Serv. Aen. 8. 663.

^{page 372 note 16} Ib. 6. 860, Plut. v. Marcell. 8.

^{page 372 note 17} Polyb. 3. 25. 6.

^{page 372 note 18} Liv. 8. 9. 6.

^{page 372 note 19} Mars is derived from Mavors; compare the intermediate form Maurte (Dessau 3142). Ma-vors is according to Pauli for *Mas-vort-s, ‘Männerwender’; according to Solmsen for *macs-vort-s (Subst. *maghos maghes): see Stolz Hist. Gram. d. Lat. Spr. i. 440. In any case the second half of the word connects with vert-o, so that Jupiter Ma-vors might correspond to Zeus (Preller-Robevt p. 140). Some support for this is afforded by a Bruttian inser. ΔιουFει Fερσορει ταυρομ, which proves the existence of an Oscan Jupiter Versor = ‘qui hostes vertit in fugam’ (Roscher Lex. ii. 642). Similarly Ἄρης may have been a Thracian differentiation of Zeus Ἄρειος (cp. Grimm Teut. Myth. p. 201 ff., Preller-Robert pp. 140 f., 335, P. Gardner in Num. Chron. xx. 50).

^{page 372 note 20} Aen. 1. 292, 6. 860.

^{page 372 note 21} Wissowa, Rel. u. Kult. d. Römer p. 139.Google Scholar

^{page 372 note 22} Verg. Aen. 11. 5 ff.

^{page 373 note 1} In Rufin. 1. 339.

^{page 373 note 2} 5. 229 ff., 251 f., 7. 519.

^{page 373 note 3} Suet. Vesp. 5.

^{page 373 note 4} Roscher Lex. ii. 2430 f.

^{page 373 note 5} Dessau 3036.

^{page 373 note 6} Plut. quaestt. Rom. 92.

^{page 373 note 7} Roscher Lex. ii. 596 ff.

^{page 373 note 8} Supra p. 369 nn. 4, 8, 9; p. 365.

^{page 373 note 9} Varro ap. Clem. Al. pr. tr. 4. 46, Arnob. 6. 11, Plut. v. Rom. 29, cp. Serv. Aen. 8. 3.

^{page 373 note 10} Gell. 4. 6. 1 f., alib.

^{page 373 note 11} Fest, s.v. ‘persillum’ p. 199 Lind., cp. Verg. georg. 3. 27.

^{page 373 note 12} Babelon monn. de la Rép. i. 484.

^{page 373 note 13} Fest. s.v. ‘Quirinus’ p. 217 Lind., Serv. Aen. 1. 292, Isid. origg. 9. 2. 84.

^{page 373 note 14} Roscher Lex. ii. 597.

^{page 373 note 15} Bötticher, Baumkultus p. 238.Google Scholar

^{page 373 note 16} On Maspiter or Marspiter see Preller-Jordan i. 335: on Quirinus pater, Wissowa, Rel. u. Kult. d. Römer p. 139.Google Scholar

^{page 373 note 17} Roscher Lex. ii. 589.

^{page 373 note 18} So Preller-Jordan i. 362 n.4.

^{page 373 note 19} Roscher Lex. i. 1728 f., ii. 636, 2385.

^{page 373 note 20} 4. 20. 5.

^{page 373 note 21} Aen. 6. 860.

^{page 373 note 22} Conceivably the word triumpe in the hymn of the Arval Brothers (Dessau 5039) describes Mars as an originally threefold god.

^{page 373 note 23} V. Marcell. 8.

^{page 373 note 24} Aen. 6. 859.

^{page 373 note 25} Note the connexion with the Alban line: supra p. 362 f. Verg. Aen. 6. 760 makes the original Silvius ‘lean on a headless spear,’ thereby hinting at quiris, Quirites.

^{page 373 note 26} Preller-Jordan i. 374. Dr. Frazer reminds me that the vision of the deified Romulus was reported by Iulius Proculus, a patrician from Alba (Plut. v. Rom. 28, Ov. fast, 4 99 alib.).

^{page 373 note 27} Stevenson Dict. Coins p. 539 f.

^{page 373 note 28} Cic. ad Att. 12. 45. 3, 13. 28. 3, Cass. Dio 43. 45. 3.

^{page 373 note 28} Cass. Dio 54. 8: Roscher Lex. ii. 2392.

^{page 373 note 30} Serv. Aen. 1. 292.

^{page 374 note 1} Ap. Augustin. de civ. Dei 4. 23.

^{page 374 note 2} Preller-Jordan i. 64 n.l.

^{page 374 note 3} From Mon. dell' Inst. arch. xi. pl. 17, 1.

^{page 374 note 4} Dessau. 3031.

^{page 374 note 5} Annal. dell' Inst. arch. lii. 63.

^{page 374 note 6} Dionys. ant Rom. 1. 19: C.R. xvii. 269.

^{page 374 note 7} Brit. Mus. Cat. Gk. Coins Italy p. 145, nos. 1, 2.

^{page 374 note 8} Ib. p. 71, no. 7.

^{page 374 note 9} Hdt. 7. 170.

^{page 374 note 10} Strab. 282.

^{page 374 note 11} Arch. Zeit. xxxv, 180.

^{page 375 note 1} Roscher Lex. ii. 654.

^{page 375 note 2} Ib. ii. 1982 f. For this among other reasons Prof. Rhys holds that ‘the Roman Mars was…a sort of duplicate of Jupiter, owing his existence alongside of the greater god to the composite character of the ancient Roman community’ (Hibbert Lectures 1886 p. 133).

^{page 375 note 3} Suet. Vesp. 5.

^{page 375 note 4} Strab. 240, Plin. n.h. 3. 110, Paul. exc. Fest. s.v. ‘Picena’ p. 117 Lind.

^{page 375 note 5} Dionys. ant. Rom. 1. 14.

^{page 375 note 6} P. Wagler die Eiche in alter u. neuer Zeit ii. 23.

^{page 375 note 7} Furtwänglor ant. Gemm. pl. 24, 10 and 16.

^{page 375 note 8} Conway Italic Dialects i. 421 f., ii. 645.

^{page 375 note 9} See Aust's article in Roscher Lex. ii. 634 ff.

^{page 375 note 10} Conway op. cit. i. 101 ff.

^{page 375 note 11} Ib. p. 109.1

^{page 377 note 1} Arch. Anz. 1904, part 1.

^{page 377 note 2} Ibid. 1904, part 2.

^{page 377 note 3} Notizie degli Scavi, 1903, part 11.

^{page 377 note 4} Ibid. 1903, part 12.

^{page 378 note 2} Arch. Anz. 1904, part 1.

^{page 379 note 2} Arch. Anz. 1904, part 1.

^{page 379 note 5} Standard, Aug. 19th, 1904.