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Ganymede as the Logos: Traces of a Forgotten Allegorization in Philo?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

John Dillon
John Dillon
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
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Extract

Philo's attitude to the mythologizing activities of the Greeks is well known. In many passages he contrasts the practices of Greek writers unfavourably with that of Moses. In one passage (Conf. 2 ff.), for example, he condemns those who see the Tower of Babel story asa reflection of that of Otus and Ephialtes' assault on Olympus; the truth, he asserts, is quite the contrary — the Greeks have borrowed the story from Moses.

On the other hand, Philo is himself prepared on occasion to allegorize figures of Greek mythology, though never explicitly on a subject of central doctrinal importance. For instance, he appears to be acquainted with the allegorization of various parts of the Odyssey. In his treatise On Mating with the Preliminary Studies (Congr.), he makes use of the allegorization of the Suitors' mating with the handmaidens because they cannot gain Penelope, first employed, it seems, by the Cynic Bion of Borysthenes, but no doubt of wide currency by Philo's time, as a figure of those who cannot attain to Philosophy consoling themselves with ta enkyklia (e.g. Congr. 14–19). Again, the use here and there in his writings of compounds of the verb νήχω, ‘swim’, particularly ⋯νανήχομαι in connection with descriptions of our struggle through the storms and shipwreck of material existence, suggests his acquaintance with the allegorizing of Odysseus' shipwreck off Phaeacia in Odyssey V, where Homer employs this verb repeatedly. Other, more specificallegories include Scylla as ⋯ɸροσύνη a ‘deathless evil’ (Od. 12. 118), at Det. 178; Odysseus' escape from Charybdis (ibid. 219) at Somn. 2. 70, to symbolize our escape from the cares of mortal existence; and Castor and Pollux (Od. 11. 303) at Somn. 1.150, as an image of the life of the askêtês or prokoptôn.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Classical Quarterly , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , May 1981 , pp. 183 - 185
Copyright
Copyright © The Classical Association 1981

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References

1 See especially the useful discussion of Pépin, J., Mythe et Allégorie (2nd ed.Paris, 1976), pp. 231–44Google Scholar.

2 For example Opif. 1–2, 157, 170; Leg. All. 2. 19; Det. 125; Gig. 58; Deus 59; De Prov. 2.109.

3 Det. 100; Post. 178; Gig. 13; Conf. 66, etc. Also ⋯πινήχομαι, Sacr. 13; Migr. 125, etc. Cf. further Virt. 14, where (κατακλύζεσθαι) ⋯ποβρύχιου is reminiscent of Od. 5. 319, ⋯πόβρυχα, though Phaedr. 248 A is also an influence.

4 Od. 5. 364, 375, 399, 439.

5 Cornutus, , ND 16, p. 23, 16–22 LangGoogle Scholar; Heraclitus, , Alleg. Hom. 72. 4–19Google Scholar; Plotinus, , Enn. 3. 6, 19Google Scholar.

6 cf. also Ebr. 61, where Sarah, as Sophia, is described as ⋯µήτωρ, being sprung from a father, but no mother — θήλεος γενε⋯ς ⋯μ⋯τοχος, a probable reminiscence of Athena's famous speech in Aeschylus’ Eumenides (734–41): μήτηρ γàρ οὒτις ἔστιν ⋯ μ' ⋯γε⋯νατο, κ.τ.λ.

7 This translation, and that which follows, are Colson's, from his Loeb edition, with minor alterations.

8 For the concept of νηɸάλιος μ⋯θη, Opif. 71; Leg. All. 3. 82; Mos. 1. 187; Prob. 13; always in the context of feasting and the dispensation of ἂκρατος. See Lewy, H., Sobria Ebrietas (Giessen, 1929)Google Scholar.

9 For example Fug. 108–12; Mos. 2. 66–75. Cf. Wolfson, H. A., Philo I, pp. 359–60Google Scholar.

10 δι⋯ κα⋯ Μίθρηυ Π⋯ρσαι τ⋯ν μεσ⋯τηυ ⋯νομάζουσιν Plutarch portrays Mithra in this passage, in fact, as exercising priestly functions. Cf. Turcan, R., Mithras Plalonicus (Leiden, 1975), pp. 14–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 γάνωμα occurs also at Plant. 39, as ‘the draught of unmixed wine’ (γάνωμα ἂκρατον) which the follower of Moses may drain off at the banquet of God.

12 Homil. Clement. 5. 17; Ampelius 2. 11; Ps.-Eratosth. Catast. 26, 30.

13 See Zaehner, R. C., The Teachings of the Magi (London, 1956), pp. 126–30Google Scholar.

14 cf. also Sacr. 64: ⋯ πηγ⋯ τ⋯ς σοɸ⋯ας, ⋯ θεός; cher. 86; Fug. 198, commenting on Gen. 14:7, and Jer. 2:13. As the passage from Jeremiah serves to remind us, though, fountain-imagery as such is readily derivable from the OT.