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The Arval Hymn and Early Latin Verse1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
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I. (a) By Ictus we mean in this paper the sounds emphasized in the pattern of an utterance in the given language under discussion. So in languages like Chinese which depend on variation of tone we mean that the high notes (or rising tones) in the intonation tune of a sentence or the rhythmic scheme of a verse carry an ictus; while in a language based, like English, on speech stress, we mean that the syllables uttered most loudly and clearly bear the ictus. Again, some languages, such as Italian, emphasize a syllable by a combination of stress and raised pitch, so in these languages we say that the syllables so emphasized receive the ictus. Lastly, in a language like ancient Greek or Vedic Sanskrit where quantity is decisive in utterance, the syllables which receive emphasis are the long ones, and thus it is these which have an ictus.
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References
page 209 note 2 Renou, L., Grammaire de la Langue Védique §§ 85–96.Google Scholar
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page 210 note 1 Cf. RV. vii 88. I—a yet more striking case covering tristubh verses a-b.Google Scholar
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page 210 note 3 On old Irish pronouns: see Lewis, and Pedersen, , Concise Comp. Celt. Grammar, § 336.Google Scholar
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page 212 note 3 Text follows Ernout: normalized in triads (2), (3), (4) as repetition assumed.
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page 217 note 1 p. 210 above.
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page 218 note 1 Where vowels e/i/u are treated as consonantal they will lengthen the foregoing syllable, whose vowel is therefore marked long.
page 219 note 1 Prepositional phrases and other grammatical combinations with monosyllables preceding or following a longer word tended to be treated as word-groups.
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page 221 note 2 We might also scan the first colon on strict initial word stress rules as VAR:
The division of would then be a device to move its accent off the first syllable.
page 222 note 1 Loc. cit.
page 225 note 1 However, the same facts lead Pasquali to the opposite conclusion that Saturnian verse must be quantitative!
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page 229 note 1 Cf. above, p. 228.
page 232 note 1 Elision of an initial monosyllable would be foreign to stress trochaic verse.
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page 236 note 1 We should not press this too far. Non-epic need not mean non-Satumian (cf. p. 230).
page 238 note 1 By this term the writer means poetry written before the total victory of the Greek quantitative verse principle in the hands of Ennius.
page 238 note 2 This sentence was written in 1959.
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