¹ This article grew out of papers delivered at the Berkeley Greek Workshop and the East Coast Indo-European Conference in the spring of 2002; I am grateful to Andrew Garrett, Don ringe, and the participants at those conferences for inspiring me to work on this topic, suggesting bibiography, and offering valuable and stimulating criticism. Particular thanks are due to Roger Bagnall for detailed help in dealing with the papyri and papyrological resources, for overall guidance, and for asking many tough questions. I am also grateful to J. N. Adams, Raffaella Cribiore, Philomen Probert, Valerie Bailey Fischer, Brigitte, Libby, and the members of the Columbia Papyrology Seminar for their advice and assistance, as well as to the Center for Hellenic Studies for generous support, perfect working conditions, and supremely helpful librarians.