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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 July 2014
George McCready Price (1870–1963) is best known as the Canadian-born Seventh-day Adventist amateur geologist who pioneered the idea of a young earth in the early twentieth century. Price laid the foundation for modern “creation science,” which took off decades later, with the publication of Henry Morris and John Whitcomb Jr.'s The Genesis Flood in 1961. Despite his extensive writings on the details of geology, however, Price admitted that his main objections to evolution were not scientific but “moral” and “philosophical”—the “fruits” of the “corrupt tree” of evolution. Historians have almost entirely neglected this aspect of Price's opus; yet, Price authored a series of works from 1902 to 1925 that, in increasingly alarming tones, blamed evolution for socialism and communism. This article analyzes these works by examining Price's Adventist background, his early experiences working and living in the United States, and the broader political context in which he wrote. It also assesses the impact of Price's political writings on subsequent generations of creationists and conservative evangelicals. Price should be seen as part of the long process by which a New Christian Right was forged from materials including creationism and anticommunism. He was not only a geologist but also a creationist politician.
1 “Letter to the editor of Science from the principal scientific authority of the fundamentalists,” Science 63 (March 5, 1926): 259Google Scholar.
2 Among the letters in Price's papers is a reply from none other than Albert Einstein, who wrote Price this brief note: “I have not seen the article you mentioned in your letter of January 29th. But according to your remark about its conclusions it must be nonsense or at least misleading” (Albert Einstein to George McCready Price, February 6, 1954, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 2, Adventist Heritage Center [AHC], James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan).
3 Numbers, Ronald L., The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 103Google Scholar.
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6 Lienesch, In the Beginning, 90–91.
7 Giberson, Karl W. and Yerxa, Donald A., Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 106Google Scholar.
8 See, for example, Ruotsila, Markuu, “Carl McIntire and the Fundamentalist Origins of the Christian Right,” Church History 81 (June 2012): 378–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Herzog, Jonathan, The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America's Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)Google Scholar; McGirr, Lisa, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001)Google Scholar; Williams, Daniel K., God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Critchlow, Donald, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar; and Phillips-Fein, Kim, Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009)Google Scholar.
9 On Millerism, see Numbers, Ronald L. and Butler, Jonathan M., eds., The Disappointed: Millerism and Millenarianism in the Nineteenth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987)Google Scholar.
10 On Ellen White, see Numbers, Ronald, Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White (New York: Harper & Row, 1976)Google Scholar; and Dopp, Terrie, Aamodt, Land, Gary, and Numbers, Ronald L., eds., Ellen Harmon White: American Prophet (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014)Google Scholar. For an insightful analysis of White's emergence as a prophet in Portland, see Butler, Jonathan M., “Prophecy, Gender, and Culture: Ellen Gould Harmon [White]* and the Roots of Seventh-day Adventism,” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 1 (Winter 1991): 3–29Google Scholar.
11 On millenarianism, see Boyer, Paul, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992)Google Scholar.
12 Morgan, Douglas, Adventism and the American Republic: The Public Involvement of a Major Apocalyptic Movement (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 2001), 15–17Google Scholar.
13 White, Ellen G., Spiritual Gifts: Important Acts of Faith, in Connection with the History of Holy Men of Old (Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Assn., 1864), vol. 3, 90–92Google Scholar; Numbers, Ronald, “‘Sciences of Satanic Origin’: Adventist Attitudes Toward Evolutionary Biology,” in Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 92–110Google Scholar.
14 White, Spiritual Gifts, 75, emphasis added.
15 Ronald Osborn, “True Blood: Race, Science, and Early Adventist Amalgamation Theory Revisited,” Spectrum Magazine 38, (Fall 2010): 16–29; Gordon Shigley, “Amalgamation of Man and Beast: What Did Ellen White Mean?,” Spectrum Magazine 12 (June 1982): 10–19; Ronald L. Numbers and Rennie B. Schoepflin, “Science and Medicine,” in Ellen Harmon White: American Prophet, 215–216.
16 For a leading twentieth-century Adventist apologist's defense of the “of man and of beast” interpretation, which also sees a role for Satan in amalgamation, see Francis D. Nichol, “Amalgamation: Ellen G. White Statements Regarding Conditions at the Time of the Flood,” (1951), http://www.whiteestate.org/issues/amalg.html.
17 Clifton L. Taylor, “Pioneer Days,” Eastern Canadian Messenger, April 16, 1918, 4.
18 George McCready Price, “If I Were Twenty Again,” These Times, September 1, 1960, 23.
19 “If I Were Young Again . . . I'd Have an Aim,” Review and Herald 138 (February 16, 1961): 14; Land, Gary, Historical Dictionary of Seventh-day Adventists (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2005), 344Google Scholar.
20 White, Ellen G., The Great Controversy Between Christ and Satan: The Conflict of the Ages in the Christian Dispensation (Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1911), 508, 678Google Scholar; W. R. Beach to George McCready Price, February 13, 1958, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 2, AHC.
21 According to her obituary, Amelia and George both attended Battle Creek College. Obituary for Amelia Anna Nason Price, Review and Herald 131 (December 1954): 21. Numbers's account has only George attending, citing “Battle Creek College Records, 1876–94,” (AHC), 369, 383; Numbers, The Creationists, 463n7.
22 Price, George McCready, “Some Early Experiences With Evolutionary Geology,” Bulletin of Deluge Geology and Related Sciences 1 (November 1941): 79Google Scholar, in Numbers, Ronald L., ed., Creationism in Twentieth-Century America, vol. 9, Early Creationist Journals (New York: Garland, 1995), 79Google Scholar.
23 Obituary for Amelia Anna Nason Price, Review and Herald 131 (December 1954): 21.
24 Quoted in Vance, Laura L., Seventh-day Adventism in Crisis: Gender and Sectarian Change in an Emerging Religion (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 110Google Scholar.
25 On the history of Tracadie, see Kerry, Debra, Bourgeois, Roy, and Basque, Maurice, Tracadie: Deux siècles de particularisme: une Histoire de Tracadie (New Brunswick: Chedik, 1984)Google Scholar. See also http://www.tracadie-sheila.ca/index.php.
26 Kerry et al., Tracadie, 55, 66, 69–74. See also, Ganong, W. F., “History of Tracadie,” Acadiensis 6 (1906): 185–200Google Scholar. For a firsthand account of the labor it took to bring down trees in the northern woods, see Webb, Jeff A., “The Arthur Webb Story, 1855–1964,” Labour/Le Travail 48 (Fall 2001): 182–183Google Scholar.
27 Numbers, The Creationists, 91–92; Clark, Crusader for Creation, 14–16; Price, “Some Early Experiences With Evolutionary Geology,” 151; Price, George McCready, Outlines of Modern Science and Modern Christianity (Oakland, Calif.: Pacific, 1902)Google Scholar.
28 George McCready Price, Outlines, 137.
29 Price, George McCready, Illogical Geology: The Weakest Point in the Evolution Theory (Los Angeles, Calif.: The Modern Heretic, 1906), 30Google Scholar; Numbers, The Creationists, 112–113;
30 Price, Outlines, 234, 252.
31 Ibid., 262.
32 “Evolution and Anarchy,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, October 1, 1901.
33 Price, Outlines, 261–62, emphasis in original. Morgan, Adventism and the Republic, 69.
34 Magan, Percy T., Imperialism Versus The Bible, The Constitution, And the Declaration of Independence or The Peril of the Republic of the United States (Battle Creek, Mich.: National Co-operative Library Association and Publishing Company, 1899), 81Google Scholar, emphasis in original.
35 Graybill, Ronald D., “The Abolitionist-Millerite Connection,” in Numbers, Ronald L. and Butler, Jonathan M., eds., The Disappointed: Millerism and Millenarianism in the Nineteenth Century (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1993), 139–152Google Scholar.
36 London, Samuel G. Jr., Seventh-day Adventists and the Civil Rights Movement (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009), 44–65Google Scholar.
37 Quoted in Ronald Numbers, The Creationists, 102.
38 Price, George McCready, The Phantom of Organic Evolution (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1924), 106Google Scholar.
39 Quoted in Numbers, The Creationists, 101.
40 Price, Outlines, 263.
41 Schwantes, Carlos A., “Labor Unions and Seventh-day Adventists: the formative years, 1877–1903,” Adventist Heritage 4 (Winter 1977): 18–19Google Scholar.
42 Kistler, Robert C., Adventists and Labor Unions in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1984), 41Google Scholar.
43 Ellen G. White, “Our Duty to Leave Battle Creek,” General Conference Bulletin, 35th Session, Oakland, California, April 6, 1903, 87; See also, K. C. Russell, “Seventh-day Adventists and Labor Unions,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, January 26, 1905, 9.
44 Price, Outlines, 267–68.
45 Ibid., 262.
46 George McCready Price to Elder Wm. Guthrie, August 26, 1904; George McCready Price to W. H. Thurston, August 28, 1904, both in RG 11, Box 20, President's Incoming Letters, 1905-D to 1905-P, Archives of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Silver Spring, Maryland.
47 New York State Census, First Election District, Block A, Fifth Assembly District, Borough of Manhattan, County of New York, State of New York, June 1, 1905, 9–10; 1904 Sanborn Atlas, v. 3, sheet 12a. As of June 1905, eighteen people lived in the building. The first floor was a grocery and bakery. Price most likely boarded or “lodged” with the family of Charles Whitney, a young bank secretary, and his German-born mother.
48 McFarland, Gerald W., Inside Greenwich Village: A New York City Neighborhood, 1898–1918 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 58Google Scholar.
49 George McCready Price to Elder William Guthrie, from 95 Christopher Street, New York City, December 28, 1904, RG 11, Box 20, President's Incoming Letters, 1905-D to 1905-P, Archives of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Silver Spring, Maryland.
50 Ibid.
51 William Guthrie to George McCready Price, January 31, 1905, RG 11, Box 20, President's Incoming Letters, 1905-D to 1905-P, Archives of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Silver Spring, Maryland.
52 New York State Census, Fifteenth Election District, Block A, Seventeenth Assembly District, Borough of Manhattan, County of New York, State of New York, June 1, 1905, 43–44. Price lived at 422 W. 57th Street, New York, N.Y. On the Central Presbyterian Church, see http://trinitynyc.tripod.com/trinity.html. For a view of both original buildings, see http://g.co/maps/zmyq3.
53 Amelia Price to A. G. Daniells, March 5, 1905, RG 11, Box 13, Presidential Outgoing Letterboxes, Book 35, Archives of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Silver Spring, Maryland.
54 George McCready Price to A. G. Daniells, from 422 W. 57th Street, New York, N.Y., March 19, 1905, RG 11, Box 20, President's Incoming Letters, 1905-D to 1905-P, Archives of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Silver Spring, Maryland.
55 Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, July 13, 1905.
56 Frank, David and Reilly, Nolan, “The Emergence of the Socialist Movement in the Maritimes, 1899–1916,” Labour/Le Travail 4 (1979): 89–96Google Scholar; McKay, Ian, “Of Karl Marx and the Bluenose: Colin Campbell McKay and the Legacy of Maritime Socialism,” Acadiensis 27 (Spring 1998): 3–25Google Scholar.
57 “Civil War Threatened,” New York Times, January 23, 1905, 1; “Revolution Party Here Hails News with Joy,” New York Times, January 23, 1905, 2.
58 McFarland, 122–123. Walling was not formally a member of the Socialist Party of America until 1910, but he helped write the party's 1904 platform and wrote widely for socialist publications during the decade. Mark Pittenger, American Socialists and Evolutionary Thought, 1870–1920, 147.
59 “French and Russian Revolutions,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald , February 2, 1905, 5; “Note and Comment,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, August 16, 1906, 7.
60 Pittenger, Mark, American Socialists and Evolutionary Thought, 1870–1920, 17, 140–145Google Scholar.
61 Ernest Lloyd to Harold W. Clark, December 7, 1964, “Correspondence about George McCready Price's Biography,” George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 4, AHC.
62 Numbers, The Creationists, 94–95, 98.
63 Eda A. Reid to Harold W. Clark, January 12, 1965, “Correspondence about George McCready Price's Biography,” George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 4, AHC. Later, Reid regularly contributed columns to Adventist publications. See, for instance, Eda A. Reid, “You Don't Have to Be Good,” Signs of the Times (June 2, 1953), 11.
64 1908 Yearbook of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1908), 139Google Scholar.
65 Numbers, Ronald, “Reading the Book of Nature through American Lenses,” in Numbers, Science and Christianity in Pulpit and Pew (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 59–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
66 Harold Clark, Crusader For Creation, 32; Numbers, The Creationists, 107.
67 On Price and Baconianism, see Numbers, The Creationists, 107–108; Bull, Malcolm and Lockhart, Keith, Seeking a Sanctuary: Seventh-day Adventism and the American Dream, 2nd ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 31Google Scholar.
68 George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 55–62, 111–116, 120–121; Roberts, Jon H., Darwinism and the Divine in America: Protestant Intellectuals and Organic Evolution, 1859–1900 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), 41–42Google Scholar; Bozeman, Dwight, Protestants in an Age of Science: The Baconian Ideal and Antebellum American Religious Thought (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977)Google Scholar; Torrey, Reuben, “The Certainty and Importance of the Bodily Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the Dead,” in The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (Chicago: Testimony, 1915) 5:83Google Scholar.
69 Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of Species (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), iiGoogle Scholar. On Darwin and Baconianism, see also Novick, Peter, That Noble Dream: The ‘Objectivity Question’ and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 34–36Google Scholar.
70 Price, George McCready, God's Two Books: Or Plain Facts About Evolution, Geology, and the Bible (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1911; 2nd edition, 1918)Google Scholar. This is a translation of the Latin text quoted by Price.
71 Ibid., 59.
72 Ibid., 27–31, emphasis added.
73 In a later restatement of this argument, Price put it this way: “The stench arising from a putrid carcass will inform us of decomposition without any elaborate knowledge of organic chemistry; and the beauty of a sunset can be appreciated without any profound knowledge of optics or of meteorology. In the same way our intuitive knowledge of justice, and truth, and benevolence may serve as safer guides in attempting to read the mysterious messages of nature, than will our conclusions based on such studies as those presented by Malthus, On Population, or those made so popular in the Origin of Species” (Price, George McCready, The Phantom of Organic Evolution [New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1924], 180Google Scholar).
74 Price, God's Two Books, 32–35.
75 Foner, Philip S., The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910–1915, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. 5 (New York: International, 1980), 7–31Google Scholar.
76 Signs of the Times, July 4, 1911.
77 Signs of the Times, May 23, 1911.
78 “A Condition and Not a Theory,” Signs of the Times, September 26, 1911, 602–603.
79 See, for instance, “Christianity's Solution of the Problem of Capital and Labor,” Advent Review and Herald, August 14, 1913, 7–9; “A World-Wide Industrial Conflict,” Advent Review and Herald, September 28, 1916, 1; “The Socialist Platform,” Advent Review and Herald, June 11, 1908; “The Socialist Deluge,” Advent Review and Herald, July 13, 1905, 5; “Socialism Versus Christianity,” Advent Review and Herald, January 30, 1908, 10–11; “Christianity Versus Socialism,” Advent Review and Herald, March 17, 1903, 5; “Jesus and Socialism,” Advent Review and Herald, May 28, 1908, 6; “Recognizing Danger,” Advent Review and Herald, November 5, 1908, 6; “Man's Versus God's Rule,” Advent Review and Herald, May 1, 1913, 4; “Christ and Socialism,” Advent Review and Herald, September 23, 1909, 7.
80 “A Disquieting Situation,” Advent Review and Herald, March 7, 1912, 8.
81 Price, George McCready, Back to the Bible or the New Protestantism (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1916), 170–172Google Scholar.
82 Ibid., 175–178.
83 Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists, 465n22.
84 Ibid., 168–169.
85 Ibid., 158; Fiske, Amos K., “Some Consecrated Fallacies,” The North American Review 169 (December 1899): 822, 827Google Scholar.
86 Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, 170–200; Strong, Josiah, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, N.Y.: American Home Missionary Society, 1885), 161Google Scholar.
87 George McCready Price, Back to the Bible, 158, emphasis added. Price's change of language may have partly reflected the increasing prominence of Amos Fiske in business circles. In 1899, the Harvard-educated Fiske served on the editorial staff of the New York Times. Starting in 1902, Fiske became associate editor of the New York–based Journal of Commerce and was an authority on the banking industry who helped engineer the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. See “Amos K. Fiske, Journalist, Dead,” New York Times, September 22, 1921; Federal Reserve Foreign Bank: Stabilizing the Dollar Exchange in Neutral Countries, Hearings before the Committee on Banking and Currency, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, 2nd Session, on S. 3928, to amend Federal Reserve Act, 137.
88 Ibid., 176–179.
89 Price, George McCready and Thurber, Robert B., Socialism in the Test-Tube (Nashville, Tenn.: Southern, 1921), 113.Google Scholar
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91 Ibid., 58.
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95 Price, Poisoning Democracy, 47, emphasis in original.
96 Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, April 3, 1919.
97 Review of Poisoning Democracy, The Literary Review, January 21, 1922, 372.
98 Malcolm Bissell, Letter to the Editor, The Literary Review, March 25, 1922, 538; Malcolm Bissell to George McCready Price, April 6, 1922, Correspondence, 1906–1925, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 1, Folder 2, AHC.
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100 On Eggleston, see Ronald L. Heinemann, “Joseph Eggleston,” in Brendan Wolfe, ed., Encyclopedia of Virginia, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Eggleston_Joseph_Dupuy_Jr_1867-1953; J. D. Eggleston to George McCready Price, November 29, 1921, Correspondence, 1906–1925, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 1, Folder 2, AHC.
101 Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, August 20, 1925.
102 W. E. Howell to George McCready Price, Sept. 7, 1925, “Correspondence, 1906–1925,” George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 1, Folder 2, AHC.
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104 On the Wall Street explosion, see Gage, Beverly, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009)Google Scholar.
105 Price, George McCready, The Predicament of Evolution (Nashville, Tenn.: Southern, 1925)Google Scholar. The full text of the book is available here: http://www.creationism.org/books/price/PredicmtEvol/index.htm.
106 Numbers, The Creationists, 148; P. W. Christian to George McCready Price, January 16, 1947, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 1, AHC.
107 Numbers, The Creationists, 208–211.
108 Ibid., 140.
109 Ibid., 194–198.
110 Henry Morris to Harold Clark, November 19, 1964, Correspondence about George McCready Price's Biography, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 4, AHC.
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113 Numbers, The Creationists, 174; Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture, “James David Bales (1915–1995),” http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4724.
114 James Bales to George McCready Price, January 8, 1954, August 27, 1959, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 2, AHC.
115 Howard Kershner to George McCready Price, January 15, 1959, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 2, AHC. On the Kershner and the Christian Freedom Foundation, see Lichtman, Allan, White Protestant Nation: The Rise of the American Conservative Movement (New York: Atlantic Monthly, 2008), 174Google Scholar.
116 “Address on Evolution Before the Texas Legislature,” Searchlight, February 23, 1923; “Rice Topics,” The Thresher, October 12, 1923. On Norris, see Hankins, Barry, God's Rascal: J. Frank Norris & the Beginnings of Southern Fundamentalism (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996)Google Scholar.
117 Gilbert, Dan, Evolution: The Root of All Isms (San Diego, Calif.: Danielle Publishers, 1935), 6–8Google Scholar, emphasis in original.
118 Riley, William Bell, Inspiration or Evolution? (Cleveland, Oh.: Union Gospel Press, 1926), 99Google Scholar.
119 Henry Morris to George McCready Price, January 9, 1963, George McCready Price Papers, Collection 2, Box 2, Folder 2, AHC, emphasis added.
120 See, for instance, “Nationalist U-2 Downed by Reds over East China” and “Cubans in U.S. Ask Anti Castro Help,” New York Times, September 1, 1962, 1; “Reporter Fires Questions at Cuba; Castro Will Not Start Attack on U.S.,” El Paso Herald-Post, September 10, 1962, 1.
121 Morris, Henry, The Twilight of Evolution (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1963), 77, 83, 94Google Scholar.
122 On the origins of ICR, see Numbers, The Creationists, 312–20. The museum is now operated by Tom Cantor of the Life and Light Foundation. Visit http://www.lifeandlightfoundation.org/. On the Santee tree of evil, see Anderson, Elizabeth, “If God is Dead, Is Everything Permitted?” in Philosophers Without Gods: Meditations on Atheism and the Secular Life, ed. Antony, Louise M. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 215–230Google Scholar. See also Pennock, Robert T., Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1999), 315–316Google Scholar.; visit to Creation and Earth History Museum, Santee, Calif,, November 17, 2012; Interview with Tom Cantor, November 16 and November 17, 2012, Santee, Calif.
123 Museum guests who want more detail can step into the bookstore and purchase a copy of The Modern Creation Trilogy: Society and Creation (1996), vol. 3, by Henry Morris and his son, and current ICR president, John Morris. This volume covers the full range of evolution's alleged evil fruits from abortion to homosexuality to communism to racism. To buttress the claim of Marx's communion with Satan, the authors cite Richard Wurmbrand's Marx and Satan (1986), which makes use of Marx's rebellious youthful writings to convict him of devil-worship. Compared to Twilight, Trilogy goes further in tying the Satanic origin of evolution to a specific place and person—the Tower of Babel and King Nimrod, who communed with Satan atop his monument to ungodliness. See Morris and Morris, The Modern Creation Trilogy: Society & Creation, vol. 3 (Master Books: 1996), 54–56, 116Google Scholar. For one of the few scholarly analyses of this work, see Giberson, Karl W. and Yerxa, Donald A., Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 105–110Google Scholar. Morris makes a similar argument in Morris, Henry M., The Long War Against God: The History and Impact of the Creation/Evolution Conflict (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker, 1989), 83Google Scholar.
124 Henry M. Morris, The Long War Against God, 82–92, 182–183.