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¹² See, for example, Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka, Otdel rukopisei, fond 304, I, no. 6.

¹³ Alpatov, Mikhail Vladimirovich, Pamiatnik drevnerusskoi zhivopisi kontsa XV veka: Ikona Apokalipsis Uspenskogo sobora moskovskogo Kremlia (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo “Iskusstvo,” 1964)Google Scholar; Carolyn Anderson, “Image and Text in the Apocalypse Icon of the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1977), 140–53.

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¹⁷ Ibid., 84, 5:6

¹⁸ Ibid., 85, 6:3.

¹⁹ Ibid., 90, 10:4.

²⁰ Ibid., 87, 8:2

²¹ Ibid., 91, 11:3, 7.

²² Ibid., 92, 11:12.

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²⁴ Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii: Sobranie vtoroe, 62 vols. (St. Petersburg: Tip. II Otdeleniia Sobstvennoi E.I.V. Kantseliarii, 1830–1884)Google Scholar, 1 (1826): 187–92, no. 126; 5 (1830): 169–70, no. 4010; Breyfogle, Heretics, 38–45.

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³⁴ Geertz, Clifford, “Religion as a Cultural System,” in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, ed. Banton, Michael (New York: F. A. Praeger, 1966), 1–46Google Scholar.

³⁵ Samarin, “Ocherk religii,” 48–49. A quite different account, recorded in 1910, holds that Bulgakov deserted, fled to the Caucasus, and managed to get a Turkish passport from the Ottomans. Kuz'min, Mikhail Mikhailovich, “Davyd Iesseich syn Iesseev (Dukhovnyi vozhd' zakavkazskikh dukhovnykh khristian),” Dukhovnyi khristianin 5, no. 10 (October 1910): 75–77Google Scholar.

³⁶ In 1918, Elisavetpol' was renamed Ganja.

³⁷ Still an important Molokan center, Nikitino is now called Fioletovo, in honor of the Bolshevik commissar Ivan Timofeevich Fioletov of Baku, Kozlova, Azerbaijan. K. I., “Izmeneniia v religioznoi zhizni i deiatel'nosti molokanskikh obshchin,” Voprosy nauchnogo ateizma 2 (1966): 305–21Google Scholar.

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⁴⁰ Wren, A. F., True Believers : Prisoners for Conscience : A History of Molokan Conscientious Objectors in World War One : The Absolutists of Arizona : “You Shall not Lose One Hair on Your Head” ([Australia?]: A. F. Wren, 1991), 18–20Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Wren, True Believers, 20; Selections from the Book of Spirit and Life: Including the Book of Prayers and Songs, ed. and trans. Berokoff, J. K. (Whittier, Calif.: Stockton Trade, 1966), 18Google Scholar.

⁴² Moore, Willard B., Molokan Oral Tradition: Legends and Memorates of an Ethnic Sect (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 13Google Scholar; Young, Pauline V., Pilgrims of Russian-town: The Community of Spiritual Christian Jumpers in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932; repr., New York: Russell and Russell, 1967), 42Google Scholar.

⁴³ Rudometkin, Maksim Gavrilovich, “Bogodukhnovennye izrecheniia Maksima Gavrilovicha Rudometkina, tsaria dukhov i vozhdia Sionskogo naroda dukhovnykh khristian molokan prygunov,” in Bozhestvennyia izrecheniia (1928), 250Google Scholar, 3:18:12.

⁴⁴ Ibid., 201, 1:33:1; p. 239, 3:7:13.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 227, 2:19:1.

⁴⁶ Ibid., 451, 9:2:1.

⁴⁷ Ibid., 9:2:4.

⁴⁸ Ibid., 278–79, 4:6:16.

⁴⁹ Ibid., 228, 2:19:7.

⁵⁰ Nikitina, Serafima, “Sotvorenie mira i kontsept iskhoda/pokhoda v kul'ture molokan-prygunov,” in Ot bytiia k iskhodu. Otrazhenie bibleiskikh siuzhetov v slavianskoi i evreiskoi narodnoi kul'ture: sbornik statei, ed. Petrukhin, V. Ia., Akadamicheskaia seriia 2 (Moscow: GEOS, 1998), 220–30Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Breyfogle, Nicholas B., “Swords into Plowshares: Opposition to Military Service among Religious Sectarians, 1770s to 1874,” in The Military and Society in Russia, 1450–1917, ed. Lohr, Eric and Poe, Marshall, History of Warfare 14 (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 48Google Scholar.

⁵² Young, Pilgrims, 12; “Pokhod s Zakavkaza i Zakaspiia v Ameriku v ‘ubezhishche,’” in Bozhestvennye izrecheniia (1928), 748–50Google Scholar.

⁵³ Young, Pilgrims, 242.

⁵⁴ Semenov, Ivan Iakovlevich, Istoriia zakavkazskikh molokan i dukhoborov (Erevan: I. Ia. Semenov, 2001), 74–85Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ “Pokhod,” 752. Vil'chur, Mark Efimovich, Russkie v Amerike (New York: Izd. Pervogo russkogo izdatel'stva v Amerike, 1918), 46–51Google Scholar.

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⁵⁷ Rudometkin, Maksim Gavrilovich, Izrechenie Maksima Gavrilovicha Rudometkina (Los Angeles: Izdanie Molokanskoi kolonii, 1910), 9Google Scholar.

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⁵⁹ Abbitt, Jerry W. and Schauberger, Shelly L., “Variety of Ethnic Groups Helped Develop Glendale,” Arizona Republic, 12 June 1992Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Sylvia Bender, “The Cultural Landscape of the Russian Molokan Colony—Glendale, Arizona,” 1976, unpublished manuscript, Arizona Historical Foundation, 11.

⁶¹ Wren, True Believers, 12.

⁶² “Valley Sugar Beet Bust Recalled,” Arizona Republic, 18 April 1963; Bender, “Cultural Landscape,” 15; Hazel Tompkins, “Russian Immigration in the Salt River Valley,” 1917, unpublished typescript, Arizona Historical Foundation, Arizona State University; Speek, A Stake in the Land, 30–31.

⁶³ Alex J. Valoff claimed that Tolmachev's wife, Mariia Filippovna Novikova, was Rudometkin's niece, and this family connection eventually made him the caretaker of the sacred writings. According to another Molokan genealogy, Aleksei Sergeevich Tolmachev's mother, Tat'iana Arkhipovna Sukovitsyna, was Maksim's niece (Fae Veronin, Molokans in Arizona [n.p., 1999], 32–33).

⁶⁴ Wren, True Believers, 15–16.

⁶⁵ Rudometkin, Utrenniaia zvezda; Young, Pilgrims, 279; Wren, True Believers, 15–16; Veronin, Molokans, 31–32. A separate edition of Rudometkin's writings was also published in 1915 under the title Kamen' Gorlion: Bogoslovskiia izrecheniia Maksima Gavrilovicha Rudometkina, Vozhdia Sionskogo Naroda Zakavkazskikh Dukhovnykh Khristian-Prygunov, ed. Samarin, Ivan Gur'evich (Los Angeles: Dukh i zhizn', 1915)Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ Wren, True Believers, 21. On the meaning and practice of zhertva among the Molokans, see Dingelshtedt, Zakavkazskie sektanty, 158–83.

⁶⁷ Wren, True Believers, 21.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 22–23. Some Molokan-Jumpers continued to pose for pictures, however, as many surviving photographs from the 1910s and 1920s show. S. V. Geiman, Tipy russkikh kolonistov v S. Sh.S.A.: Sektanty, fermera, rybaki, uglekopy, i dr.; albom fotograficheskikh snimkov (n.p., [191_?]), available from the New York Public Library Digital Gallery, http://digitalgallery.nypl.org; Fae Papin Veronin, Molokans in Arizona (n.p., 1999); Veronin, Lukian and Fenya Conovaloff Family Tree (n.p., 2009), 7.

⁶⁹ Moore, Molokan Oral Tradition, 50. Mokhov was a person of considerable prestige who had petitioned the tsar to grant Molokans exemption from military service and later, in 1904, had through his prophecies encouraged his co-religionists to emigrate. Mohoff, George W., The Russian Colony of Guadalupe: Molokans in Mexico (Montebello, Calif.: George W. Mohoff, 1993), 3Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ The Glendale Molokans apparently did not receive this particular prohibition, for at his court-martial on November 21, 1918, Ivan Vasil'evich Kulikov (John Kulikoff) wore leather shoes and explained that the Holy Spirit “does not say anything about shoes. When he tells me to take off shoes, I will take the shoes off too.” William Haas Moore, “Prisoners in the Promised Land: The Story of the Molokans in World War I” (master's thesis, Arizona State University, 1972), 72.

⁷¹ Wren, True Believers, 25–27.

⁷² Breyfogle, Heretics, 217–18. Mikhail Pivovarov admired the Dukhobors' radical pacifism, and the ritual burning of arms seems to be a conscious imitation of the 1895 protest on a much smaller scale. Dunn, Ethel, “American Molokans and Canadian Dukhobors: Economic Position and Ethnic Identity,” in Ethnicity in the Americas, ed. Henry, Frances S. (Chicago: Aldine, 1976), 105Google Scholar.

⁷³ Wren, True Believers, 28.

⁷⁴ Uren's surname is also spelled Iurin. “Slovo bozhestvennogo razuma,” in Bozhestvennye izrecheniia nastavnikov i stradal'tsev za slovo bozhie, veru Iisusa i dukh sviatoi religii dukhovnykh khristian molokan-prygunov, 3rd ed. (Los Angeles: Dukh i zhizn', 1947), 757Google Scholar; Kathy Popoff, “A Descriptive Study of the Russian Molokan Community of Glendale, Arizona” (bachelor's thesis, Arizona State University, 1971), 27.

⁷⁵ Wren, True Believers, 30.

⁷⁶ Ibid., 28–31; “Molokans Will Go to Jail Rather than Go to War,” Arizona Gazette, 26 July 1917Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Klibanov, Narodnaia sotsial'naia utopia, 2:140–210.

⁷⁸ Wren, True Believers, 32–39.

⁷⁹ Berokoff, Molokans in America, chap. 3; Deliara Ibragim-kyzy Ismail-zade, , Russkoe krest'ianstvo v zakavkaz'e, 30e gody XIX – nachalo XX v. (Moscow: Nauka, 1982), 295, 299Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ Moore, Molokan Oral Tradition, 22.

⁸¹ Veronin, Molokans, 19.

⁸² Coffman, Edward M., The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986), 27–29, 74–76Google Scholar.

⁸³ Wren, True Believers, 41.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 42–43.

⁸⁵ “Glendale Molokans Decline,” Arizona Republican, 6 June 1917Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ “Will Swear Out Warrants for Molokanas in County: Russian Members of Religious Sect, Who Refused Yesterday to Register, Must Answer to the Law,” Arizona Gazette, 6 June 1917Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ “Glendale Molokans Decline.”

⁸⁸ Byrkit, James W., Forging the Copper Collar: Arizona's Labor-Management War of 1901–1921 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982), 89–92Google Scholar; Goff, John S., George W. P. Hunt and His Arizona (Pasadena, Calif.: Socio Technical Publications, 1973), 95–97Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ “Molokanas Maintain Registering Is an Act of War on Their Part,” Arizona Gazette, 7 June 1917Google Scholar; “Gives Molokanas One More Chance,” Arizona Gazette, 8 June 1917Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ “Jail for the Anti-War Russians,” Arizona Republican, 10 June 1917Google Scholar.

⁹¹ “Molokanas in Jail Worship Fervently to the Annoyance of Other Prisoners,” Arizona Gazette, 11 June 1917Google Scholar. Compare this to the positive reports when the Molokans first settled in Glendale in 1911: “Many Settlers on Their Way to Glendale,” Arizona Gazette, 30 August 1911Google Scholar; “Russian Colonists Find in Salt River Valley an Ideal Place to Make Their Homes and Till the Soil,” Arizona Gazette, 8 September 1911Google Scholar; “Arizona Satisfies Russian Colonists,” Arizona Republican, 13 September 1911Google Scholar.

⁹² “Fifty Slackers Will Face Court Here Tomorrow,” Arizona Gazette, 30 July 1917Google Scholar.

⁹³ “Soldiers Rout Butte Rioters,” New York Times, 5 June 1917, p. 1Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ “Jail for Anti-War Russians,” Arizona Republican, 10 June 1917Google Scholar.

⁹⁵ “Trial of Molokanas for Slackering Goes on Today,” Arizona Gazette, 7 August 1917Google ScholarPubMed.

⁹⁶ “Only Blessed Bread for a Holy Jumper,” Prescott Journal Miner, 10 August 1917Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Wren, True Believers, 89–90.

⁹⁸ Ibid., 100–101.

⁹⁹ “Russians Refusing All Food,” Arizona Republican, 19 October 1917Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ Wren, True Believers, 104–5.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 105.

¹⁰² Ibid.

¹⁰³ Kellogg, Walter Guest, The Conscientious Objector (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1919), 48Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ Political Prisoners in Federal Military Prisons (New York: National Civil Liberties Bureau, 1918), 14Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Moore, “Prisoners,” 84; Wren, True Believers, 162–63.