2. In attempting what is, in effect, a comparative Canadian-American study, I am following self-consciously in the footsteps of Airhart, Phyllis D., “‘As Canadian as Possible Under the Circumstances’: Reflections on the Study of Protestantism in North America,” in New Directions in American Religious History, ed. Stout, Harry S. and Hart, D. G. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 116–37Google Scholar; William, Westfall, “Voices from the Attic: The Canadian Border and the Writing of American Religious History,” in Retelling U.S. Religious History, ed. Tweed, Thomas A. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 181–99Google Scholar; Handy, Robert T., “Protestant Patterns in Canada and the United States,” and Paul R. Dekar, “On the Soul of Nations: Religion and Nationality in Canada and the United States,” both in In the Great Tradition, ed. Ban, J. D. and Dekar, P. R. (Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson, 1982), 33–51, and 53–72Google Scholar; and especially Handy, Robert T., A History of the Churches in the United States and Canada (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).Google Scholar

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5. George, Egerton, “Trudeau, God, and the Canadian Constitution: Religion, Human Rights, and Government Authority in the Making of the 1982 Constitution,” in Rethinking Church, State, and Modernity: Canada Between Europe and America, ed. David, Lyon and Marguerite Van, Die (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000), 99–107.Google Scholar To Egerton's full account, an important supplement on the role played in the Charter debates by evangelical voluntary associations has been provided by Don, Page, “From a Private to a Public Religion: The History of the Public Service Christian Fellowship,” in Religion and Public Life in Canada: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, ed. Marguerite Van, Die (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 301–2.Google Scholar

6. Gidney, R. D. and Millar, W. P. J., “The Christian Recessional in Ontario's Public Schools”, in Religion and Public Life, 275, 289.Google Scholar

7. See Scott Ellis, Ferrin and others, “From Sectarian to Secular Control of Education: The Case of Newfoundland,” journal of Research on Christian Education 10 (fall 2001): 411–30.Google Scholar

8. For treatment of that Conservative Party opposition, but also of opponents found in the Liberal and New Democratic parties, as well as other pertinent material, see The Vancouver Sun for July 23, 2005, including Peter O'Neil, “Pray,” Al, A8; [anon.], “Gay Calgary Couple Altar-Bound,” A6; and Doug Ward, “Politics and Prayer” with related articles, E1–E5.

9. For an academic colloquy dominated by voices opposing this recent change, see Daniel, Cere and Douglas, Farrow, ed., Divorcing Marriage: Unveiling the Dangers in Canada's New Social Experiment (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004).Google Scholar

10. Leacy, F. H., Historical Statistics of Canada, 2nd ed. (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1983), Series A 164–84Google Scholar; and www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ Religion (December 15, 2005).

11. This paragraph relies on discussion of the Canadian Gallup data on church attendance as found in Bibby, Reginald W., Fragmented Gods: The Poverty and Potential of Religion in Canada (Toronto: Irwin, 1987), 16Google Scholar; Bibby, Reginald W., Unknown Gods: The Ongoing Story of Religion in Canada (Toronto: Stoddart, 1993), 10Google Scholar; Peter, Beyer, “Religious Vitality in Canada: The Complementarity of Religious Market and Secularization Perspectives,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36 (1997): 283Google Scholar; and Grenville, Andrew S., “The Awakened and the Spirit-Moved: The Religious Experiences of Canadian Evangelicals in the 1990s,” in Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, ed. Rawlyk, G. A. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997), 431.Google Scholar

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16. Important books that document persuasively the deep penetration of Christian values into almost every aspect of local culture (although, of course, not without ambiguity) include Elizabeth Gillan, Muir and Marilyn Färdig, Whiteley, ed., Changing Roles of Women Within the Christian Church in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995)Google Scholar; Lynne, Marks, Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure, and Identity in Late-Nineteenth-Century Small-Town Ontario (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Nancy, Christie, ed., Households of Faith: Family, Gender, and Community in Canada, 1760–1969 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002)Google Scholar; and Marguerite Van, Die, Religion, Family, and Community in Victorian Canada: The Colbys of Carrollcroft (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2006).Google Scholar

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18. Grant, , Church in the Canadian Era, 216Google Scholar; Les invasions barbares, written and directed by Denys, Arcard (New York: Miramax, 2003), film.Google Scholar

19. David Hackett, Fischer, “Response to Yerxa, Kersh, Glenn, and Morone,” Historically Speaking (09–10 2005): 25.Google Scholar

20. Seymour Martin, Lipset, Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (New York: Routledge, 1990), 8.Google Scholar

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23. Marguerite Van, Die, “The End of Christian Canada: Past Perspectives, Present Opportunities for Faith and Public Life” (unpublished paper, delivered at Scarborough United Church, Calgary, September 2002).Google Scholar

24. Christopher, Adamson, “Necessary Evil or Necessary Good: Christianity, the State, and Political Culture in the Antebellum United States and Pre-Confederation” (unpublished paper, May 2005), 28, 39.Google Scholar For Adamson's fuller discussion of Canadian-American differences, see “God's Continental Divide: Politics and Religion in Upper Canada and the Northern and Western United States, 1775–1841,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 36 (July 1994): 417–46.Google Scholar

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26. Reliable surveys include Paul-André, Linteau and others, Histoire du Québec contemporain (Montreal: Boréal, 1989)Google Scholar; and Hamelin, , Histoire du catholicisme québécoise – De 1940.Google Scholar

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31. George Parkin, Grant, Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1965).Google Scholar On the book's impact, see William, Christian, George Grant: A Biography (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 240–55.Google Scholar

32. I am quoting Miedema, Gary R., “For Canada's Sake: The Re-visioning of Canada and the Re-structuring of Public Religion in the 1960s” (Ph.D. diss., Queen's University, 2000), 27Google Scholar; but see also the book from this dissertation, For Canada's Sake: Public Religion, Centennial Celebrations, and the Re-making of Canada in the 1960s (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005).Google Scholar

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37. On the Baptist socialist, Tommy Douglas, who founded the Cooperative Commonwealth Confederation, which eventually became the New Democratic Party, see Doris French, Shackleton, Tommy Douglas (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975)Google Scholar; and on William Aberhart, the radio Bible teacher and independent fundamentalist pastor who helped found the Social Credit party and long served as Alberta's premier, see Elliott, David R. and Iris, Miller, Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart (Edmonton: Reidmore, 1987).Google Scholar

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40. See especially Gregory, Baum, “Catholicism and Secularization in Quebec,” in his The Church in Quebec (Ottawa: Novalis, 1991), 15–48.Google Scholar

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43. See especially Léon, Dion, “Une conscience critique de l'ancien régime: La quéte de la modernité,” in his Québec, 1945–2000, vol. 2: Les intellectuals et le temps de Duplessis (Sainte-Foy, Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1993), 139–412.Google Scholar

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47. The content of that personalism is spelled out in Gauvreau, “From Rechristianization to Contestation.”

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51. For background, I am drawing on Grant, , Church in the Canadian Era, 124–28, 171–76, 186–87.Google Scholar

52. See Marguerite Van, Die, An Evangelical Mind: Nathanael Burwash and the Methodist Tradition in Canada, 1839–1918 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989)Google Scholar; Mack, D. B., “George Monro Grant: Evangelical Prophet” (Ph.D. diss., Queen's University, 1992)Google Scholar; and more generally Michael, Gauvreau, The Evangelical Century: College and Creed in English Canada from the Great Revival to the Great Depression (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991).Google Scholar

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54. The most penetrating account remains Clifford, N. Keith, The Resistance to Church Union in Canada, 1904–1939 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1985).Google Scholar

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56. On the denominational heritages that were being transformed, see Airhart, Phyllis D., Serving the Present Age: Revivalism, Progressivism, and the Methodist Tradition in Canada (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992)Google Scholar; and Moir, John S., Early Presbyterianism in Canada, ed. Paul, Laverdure (Gravelbourg, Sask.: Laverdure, 2003).Google Scholar Contrasting views on what those transformations signified are ably presented in Marshall, David B., Secularizing the Faith: Canadian Protestant Clergy and the Crisis of Belief, 1850–1940 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992)Google Scholar; and Nancy, Christie and Michael, Gauvreau, A Full-Orbed Christianity: The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940 (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996). To Marshall, they were signs of triumphant secularism; to Christie and Gauvreau, they represented potentially productive adaptations.Google Scholar

57. Nancy, Christie, “Sacred Sex: The United Church and the Privatization of the Family in Post-War Canada,” in Households of Faith, 348–76.Google Scholar Her findings echo, at least in part, the arguments by Callum Brown on the role of gender and women's issues in the rapid de-christianization of postwar Britain; see Brown, , The Death of Christian Britain (New York: Routledge, 2001).Google Scholar

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59. See David, Plaxton, “‘We Will Evangelize with a Whole Gospel or None’: Evangelicalism and the United Church of Canada,” in Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, 106–22.Google Scholar

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61. For general treatments, see Curtis, Fahey, In His Name: The Anglican Experience in Upper Canada, 1791–1854 (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1991)Google Scholar; and Katerberg, William H., Modernity and the Dilemma of North American Anglican Identities, 1880–1950 (Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001).Google Scholar

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63. On “numinosity,” see Robertson, Davies, “Keeping Faith,” Saturday Night 102 (01 1987): 187–92 (esp. 190).Google Scholar

64. For background, see Miller, J. R., “The State, the Church, and Indian Residential Schools in Canada,” in Religion and Public Life, 109–29Google Scholar; and Alan, Hayes, Anglicans in Canada: Controversies and Identity in Historical Perspective (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004).Google Scholar

65. For an outstanding case study of one such local situation, see Hindmarsh, D. Bruce, “The Winnipeg Fundamentalist Network, 1910–1940: The Roots of Transdenominational Evangelicalism in Manitoba and Saskatchewan,” Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, 303–19.Google Scholar

66. See Page, “From a Private to a Public Religion”; Kevin, Quast and John, Vissers, ed., Studies in Canadian Evangelical Renewal: Essays in Honour of Ian S. Rennie (Markham, Ont.: Faith Today, 1996)Google Scholar; and several works by Stackhouse, John G. Jr., including “Bearing Witness: Christian Groups Engage Canadian Politics since the 1960s,” in Rethinking Church, State, and Modernity, 113–28Google Scholar; “‘Who Whom?’ Evangelism and Canadian Society,” in Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical Experience, 55–70Google Scholar; “The Historiography of Canadian Evangelicalism: A Time to Reflect,” Church History 64 (December 1995): 627–34Google Scholar; and Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993).Google Scholar

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68. For the most extensive cross-border comparisons of evangelicals, and one of the best cross-border studies of any kind, see Sam, Reimer, Evangelicals and the Continental Divide: The Conservative Protestant Subculture in Canada and the United States (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003).Google Scholar

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70. Outstanding examples include John, Wolffe, The Protestant Crusade in Britain, 1829–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991)Google Scholar; and Linda, Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1839 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992).Google Scholar

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