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43. Quoted in Halévy, Elie, The Age of Peel and Cobden, trans. Watkin, E.I (London, 1947), pp. 331–332.Google Scholar

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46. I would like to thank the Reverend Andrew Hill for giving me this information from his own research.

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48. Quoted in Short, “The Radicals.”

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. This information is from Andrew Hill.

53. Quoted in Short, “The Radicals.”

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67. Ibid., p. 39.

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71. Ibid., pp. 128–129.

72. Ibid., p. 40.

73. Ibid., p. 59; compare The Christian Teacher, n.s. 6(1844): 212.

74. Conway, pp. 83–84. This account is disputed by Hodgson, pp. xlvi-xlix. The lectures are also mentioned by the explorer and scientist Alfred Russel Wallace in My Life, 2 vols. (London, 1905), 1: 227–228.Google Scholar

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91. See Engels, p. 265.

92. On this topic, see Harrison, Stanley, Poor Man's Guardians (London, 1975);Google ScholarHollis, Patricia, The Pauper Press (Oxford, 1970);Google ScholarWiener, Joel H., The War of the Unstamped (Ithaca, N.Y., 1969).Google Scholar

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95. Ibid., pp. 9–10.

96. Ibid., p. 5.

97. Ibid., pp. 23–26.

98. On Macerone's colorful career, see Dictionary of National Biography, 1967–1968 ed., s.v. “Macerone, Francis, 1788–1846.”

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103. Chadwick, , The Victorian Church, 1: 532.Google Scholar Hetherington's fear was not an idle one; see below, p. 431. The law of blaspheny still remains on the statute books in England; in the late 1970s a private prosecution was brought against Gay News for publishing a poem which was said to defame the image of Christ.

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108. He is not noted by any of the historians of the working class press cited in n. 92. His name does not figure in any of the Birmingham trade directories and guides for the period.

109. Barker, p. 57.

110. Bellamy and Saville, 1: 167; Barker, p. 4.

111. The Christian Teacher, n.s. 3(1841): 357.

112. Ibid., 353.

113. Mineka, p. 103.

114. The Christian Teacher, n.s. 3(1841): 354.

115. Ibid., p. 355.

116. Barker, p. 59; Conway, p. 23.

117. The account which follows incorporates information from Douglas, J.D., ed., New International Dictionary of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1978),Google Scholar hereafter cited as NIDCC, and the section on Universalism by Eddy, Richard in The American Church History Series, 13 vols. (New York, 1894), 10: 251–493.Google Scholar

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119. Ibid.

120. NIDCC, s.v. “Universalism.”

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122. See both Eddy and Gordon.

123. NIDCC, s.v. “Universalism.”

124. Eddy, p. 414.

125. Ibid., p. 353.

126. NIDCC, s.v. “Ballou, Hosea.”

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133. Ibid., pp. 47–48. George Henry Lewes learned about Spinoza from a watchmaker in the 1830s (Kitchel, Anna T., George Lewes and George Eliot, [New York, 1933], pp. 9–10).Google Scholar

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144. Ibid., pp. 6–7.

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146. Ibid., pp. [265]-284.

147. Ibid., n.s. 4 (1842): 197–203.

148. Ibid., pp. 354–377.

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