1. Presniakov, A. E., Aleksandr I (Petrograd, 1924), p. 5.Google Scholar

2. Moroshkin, M. Ia., Iezuity v Rossii s tsarstvovaniia Ekateriny i do nashego uremeni (2 vols.; St. Petersburg, 1867–1870)Google Scholar; Zaleski, Stanislaw, Les Jésuites de la Russie-Blanche, trans. Vivier, A (2 vols.; Paris, 1890)Google Scholar; de Journel, M. J. Rouet, La Compagnie de Jesus en Russie: Un collège de Jésuites à Saint-Pétersbourg, 1800–1816 (Paris, 1922)Google Scholar; Lutteroth, Henri, Russia and the Jesuits from 1772 to 1820 (London, 1860)Google Scholar; and Tolstoi, D. A., Romanism in Russia: An Historical Study, trans. MrsM'Kibbin, (2 vols.; London, 1874).Google Scholar

3. On mysticism in Russia during this period. See Anikiev, Pavel, Mistitsizm y epokhu Aleksandra I (Moscow, 1912)Google Scholar; Barsov, N. I., Istoricheskie, kriticheskie i politicheskie opyty (St. Petersburg, 1879), pp. 245–260Google Scholar; and Galakhov, I. A., “Obzor misticheskoi literatury v tsarstvovanie Aleksandra I,” Zhurnal Mimisterstva Narodnago Prosveshcheniia, CLXXXII (11, 1875), 87–175.Google Scholar

4. A convenient survey of Russian sectarianism is Plotnkov, K., Istoriia i oblichenio russkago sktantstva (misticheskago in ratsionalisticheskago), (2nd ed.; Petrograd, 1914).Google Scholar

5. Sokolovskaia, T., Masonstvo, kak polczhitel'noe dvizhenie russkoi mysli v nachale XIX veka (St. Petersburg, 1904), p. 6.Google Scholar On Russian Freemasonry, see also Mel'gunov, S. P. and Sidorov, N. P. (eds.), Masonstvo v ego proshlom i nastoiashchem (2 vols.; [Moscow], 1914–1915)Google Scholar; Bakunina, T. A., Znamenitye russkie masony (Paris, 1935)Google Scholar; and Pypin, A. N., Russkoe masonstvo—XVIII i pervaia chetvert’ XIX veka (Petrograd, 1916).Google Scholar

6. That the Masons were not anti-religious is substantiated by T. Bakunina, whose exhaustive study of the membership and composition of Russian Freemasonry has demonstrated that its number included many devout adherents of the Orthodox Church, as well as at least twenty-four Orthodox priests. Bakunine, T., Le répertoire biographique des francs-maçons russes (XVIIIe et XIXe siécles) (Bruxelles [1940]), pp. xxxiii–xxxiv.Google Scholar

7. Pypin, A. N., Istoricheskie ocherki: Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie u Rossii pri Ateksandre I (3rd ed.; St. Petersburg, 1900).Google Scholar

8. On Labzin, see Dubrovin, N. Th., “Nash mistiki-sektanty: A. Th. Labzin i ego zhurnal, Sionskii Vestnik,” Russkaia Starina, LXXXII, nos. 9–12Google Scholar (September-December, 1894), LXXXIII, Nos. 1–2 (January-February 1895); Koliupanov, N. P., Biografila A. I. Kosheleva (3 vols. in 1; Moscow, 1889–1892), I, 167–180Google Scholar; and the excellent biographical articles by Modzalevskii, B. in Russkii biograficheskii stovar' (25 vols.; St. PetersburgPetrograd, 1896–1918), X, 2–12.Google Scholar

9. On Nevzorov, see Ibid., XI, 176–178; and Koliupanov, , I, 183–195.Google Scholar

10. von Goetze, Peter Otto, Fürst Alexander Nilcolajetvitsch Galitzin und seine Zeit (Leipzig, 1882)Google Scholar; “Iz zapisok Petra Pavl.ovicha f on Getse: Kniaz' Aleksandr Nikolaevich Golitsyn I ego vremia,” Russkii Arkhiv, XL (1902), No. 3, 66–107, 321–329Google Scholar; Karnovich, E. P., “Kniaz' Aleksandr Nikolaevich Golitsyn i ego vremia,” Istorwheskii Vestnik., VII (1882), 5–30, 241–269;Google ScholarStelletskii, N., Kniaz' A. N. Golitsyn i ego tserkovno-gosudarstvemnaia deiatcl'nost' (Kiev, 1901)Google Scholar and In. Bartenev, N., “Raskazy kniazia A. N. Golitsyna: Iz zapisok Iu. N. Barteneva,” Russkii Arkhiv, XXIV (1886), No. 1, 369–381,Google Scholar No. 2, 52–108, 305–333, No. 3, 129–16.

11. There is a paucity of biographical information on Koshelev, despite his prominence in the religious movements of this period. See Mikhaiovich, Nikolai, Imperator Aleksandr I (2 vols.; St. Petersburg, 1912), I, 181–187, 195–196.Google Scholar

12. Runkevich, S. G., Istoriia russleot tserkvi v XIX veke (n. p., a. d.), quoted by Anikiev, p. 6.Google Scholar

13. Canton, William, A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society (2 vols.; London, 1904)Google Scholar; Owen, John, The History of the British and Foreign Bible Society (3 vols.; London, 1820)Google Scholar; and John Alexander Patten, These Remarkable Men; the Beginnings of a World Enterprise (London, [1945]).Google Scholar

14. On these endeavors, see Canton, , I, 179–182Google Scholar; Owen, II, passim; and the excellent article by A. N. Pypin, “Rossiiskoe bibleiskoe obshehestvo,” in his Religioznyia dvizheniia pri Aicksandre I (Vol. I of Izsiedovaniia i stat'i pa epokhe Aleksandra I, Petrograd, 1916),Google Scholarpassim. (Hereafter referred to as Pypin, “R. B. O.”.)

15. The text of Paterson's “Project on the Establishment of a Bible Society in St. Petersburg,” together with the Charter of the Russian Bible Society, may be found in Rossiiskoe Bibleiskoe Obshchestvo (hereafter referred to as R. B. O.), O bibleiskikh obshchetv i uchrezhdenii takogo zhe v Sanktpeterburge (St. Petersburg, 1813), pp. 24–25.Google Scholar For the Imperial decree, see Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (240 vols.; St. Petersburg-Petrograd, 1830–1916)Google Scholar, (25, 287 of December 6, 1812), Series I, Vol. XXXII, 471–476.

16. For a complete list of those present, see R. B. O., O bibleiskikh obshchestv, pp. 45–46. A copy of one of Prince Golitsyn's invitations to the Orthodox clergy to participate i in L'vov, A. N. (ed.), Pis'sna dukhovnykh i svetskikh lits k mitropolitu moskouskomu Filaretu (s 1812 pa 1867 gg.) (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

17. MS British and Foreign Bible Society, “Agents Book” of John Paterson, 1813; Paterson, , The Book for Every Land (2nd ed.; London, 1858), pp. 191–193.Google Scholar

18. For a list of all the officers, see R. B. O., O bibseiskikh obshehestv, pp. 47–48, or R. B. O., Pervyi otchet (St. Petersburg, 1814), pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

19. MS B. F. B. S., “Agents Book,” 1813; Paterson, , Book for Every Land, 196–197, 213, 214.Google Scholar

20. Ibid., pp. 20–21, 48–49; Pypin, “R. B. O.,” pp. 30–32; Owen, II, 411–420; MS B.F.B.S.) “Agents Book,” 1813; and Paterson, , Book for Every Land, pp. 194–195.Google Scholar

21. R. B. O., Pervy otchet, pp. III–VIlI.Google Scholar

22. R. B. O., Tretyi otchet (St. Petersburg, 1816)Google Scholar, passim; R. B. O. Chetverty otohet (St. Petersburg, 1817), passiln.Google Scholar

23. The need for modern Russian Scriptures had been recognized long before the establishment of the Russian Bible Society. The first attempts at a modern translation of the Book of Psalms had come in the second half of the seventeenth century. Chistovich, I. A., Istoriia perevoda Biblii na ru8skii iazyk (2nd ed.; St. Petersburg, 1899), p. 2.Google Scholar For an historical survey of the translation of the Scriptures into Slavonie and modern Russian see Henderson, Ebenezer, Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia (London, 1826), pp. 69–130.Google Scholar

24. For the text of Alexander's proclamation to the Synod on February 28, 1816, see B. B. O. Tretyi otchet, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar For the action taken by the Synod, see Ibid., p. 17.For the text of the rules established by the Commission on Ecclesiastical Schools to govern the translation, see Chistovich, , Istorija perevoda Biblii, pp. 26–28.Google Scholar Also see Korsunskli, I. N., O padvigakh Filareta, mitropolita moskovskago, v dele perevoda Biblii na russkii iazyk (Moscow, 1883), p. 21.Google Scholar

25. Chistovich, , Istoriia perevoda Biblii, pp. 28–29Google Scholar; Korsunskli, pp. 24–31; B. B. O., Chetvertyi otchet, pp. 73–82.Google Scholar

26. Pypin, , “R. B. O.,” p. 80Google Scholar; Henderson, , Biblica Researches, p. 116Google Scholar; Korsunskii, pp. 37–44.

27. Titlinov, B. V.. Dukhovnaia shkola v Rossii v XIX stoletii (2 vols. in 1; Vilna, 1908), I,Google Scholarpassim and Ohistovich, I. A., Rukovodiashchie deiateli dukhovnago prosveshcheniia v Rossii v pervoi polovine tekushago stoletiia (St. Petersburg, 1894)Google Scholar, passin.

28. Titlinov, , I, 126–127.Google Scholar The curriculum for the field of theology, drawn up by Filaret, is printed in Sobranie mnenii i otzyvov Filareta, mit-a Mosk-go i Kolam-go po uchebnyimi tserkovno-gosudarstvennym voprosam (5 vols. in 6; St. Petersburg, 1885–1888), I, 122–151.Google Scholar

29. Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov, (27, 106 of 10 24, 1817), Series I, XXXIV, 814–834.Google Scholar See also Verkhovskii, P. V., Ocherki po istorii russkoi tserkvi v XVIII i XIX stoletie (Warsaw, 1912), pp. 133–136;Google ScholarBarsov, T. V., “Sviateishui sinod vo vremia Ministerstva dukhovnykh del i narodnago prosveshcheniia,” Khristianskoe Chteniia, LXXV, No. 3 (05–06, 1895), esp. pp. 507–508Google Scholar; and Blagovidov, F. V., Ober-prokurory Sv. Sinodav XVIII i v pervoi polovine XIX stotetiia (Kazan, 1899), pp. 356–367.Google Scholar

30. On Golitsyn's policies, see Goetze, von, Russkii Arlchiv, XL, No. 3, 85–86;Google Scholar and Karnovich, , Istoricheskii Vestnsk, VII, 25–27.Google Scholar On developments among the seetarians and Old Believers, see Plotnikov, pp. 2–8.

31. There is an enormous quantity of information on Filaret, owing to his prominence in a wide range of fields over an extensive period. The most helpful biographical works on his activiteie during this period are: I. N. Korsunskli; Sniirnov, A. N., Peterburgslcii period ehizni initropotita Filareta (1808–1819) (Moscow, 1894)Google Scholar; and Sushkov, N. V., Zapiski o zhizni i vremeni sviatitelia Fitareta, mitropotita moskovskago (Moscow, 1868).Google Scholar

32. An excellent source of information on mystical works published in Russia during the reign of Alexander I is the catalogue of the Smirdin book dealers, published in 1828, which lists dozens of titles of mystical books and pamphlets. There are, for example, no less than twenty different works by Karl Eckhartshausen alone, many of which went through multiple editions. Among the translators of his works and those of Tauler, Lambeza, Fenelon, Jung-Stffling and others were many Bible Society adherents, most notably Labzin. According to Dubrovin (Russkaia Btarina, LXXII, No. 12, 118)Google Scholar, approxhnate1y sixty different works of foreign mystics appeared (many of which were issued in the period 1813–1823, including twenty-five of Eckhartshausen, nine of Mine. Guyon, four of Jung-Stuffing, and two of Tauler). On native works of a mystical nature, see Galakhov, , Zhurizat Min. Nar. Pros., CLXXXII, esp. pp. 89–90.Google Scholar

33. Ibid., pp. 96–122.

34. Dubrovin, , Eusskaia Starina, LXXXII, No. 11 (11, 1894), 83Google Scholar; No. 12 (December, 1894), 120–122.

35. Ibid., LXXXIII, No. 1 (January, 1895), 56–61, gives an analysis of the content of Sionskii Vestnik for 1817–1818. For an account of the primary accusations against Labzin, see pp. 61–86; and Sturdza, A. S., “O sud'be pravoslavnoi russkoi tserkvi v tsarstvovanie Imperatora Aleksandra I-go,” Russkaia Starina, XV, No. 1 (01, 1876), 274–276.Google Scholar Labzin's activity was abruptly ended in 1822 when he was dismissed from government service and exiled from St. Petersburg for his conduct during the election of new members to the Academy of Arts, of which he was vice president. See Dubrovin, , Russkaia Starina, LXXXII, No. 12 (12, 1894), 128–132Google Scholar; and Russkii biograficheskii stovar’, X, 9–10.Google Scholar

36. On Mme. Tatarinova, see Tolstoi, Iu. V., “O dukhovnom soiuze E. F. Tatarinovoi,” in Bartenev, P. I. (ed.), Deviatnadtsatyi vek. Istoricheskii sbornik (2 vols.; Moscow, 1872), I, 220–234Google Scholar; Dubrovin, N., “Nashi mistiki-sektanty: Ekaterina Filippovna Tatarinova i Aleksandr Petrovich Dubovitskii,” Russkaia Btarina, LXXXIV-LXXXV (10, 1895—02, 1896)Google Scholar, passm.; Fuks, V., “Iz istorii mistitsizma: Tatarinova i Golovin,” Russkii Vesinik, CCXVIII (01, 1892), 1–31Google Scholar; and Mal'shinskii, A., “Golovin i Tatarinova,” Istoriokeskii Vestnik, LXV (1895), 637–661.Google Scholar

37. Smirnov's letter will be found in Obshehestvo Istorii i Drevnosti, Chteniia, XXVII, No. 4 (1858), 139–142.Google Scholar On Smirnv, see Russkii biograficheskii slovar', XVIII, 660.Google Scholar

38. On Stanevich, see Ibid., XIX, 314–316. Also see Galakhov, , Zhurnal Min. Nar. Pros., CLXXXII, 146–152Google Scholar; Pypin, , “R. B. O.,” pp. 180–190Google Scholar; Sturdza, , Russkaia Starina, XV, No. 1, 277–279Google Scholar; Kotovich, pp. 111–115; and Chistovich, , Rukovodiashehie, pp. 192–193.Google Scholar

39. On the Lancaster schools, see Tomashevskaia, N., “Lankasterskiia shkoly v Rossii,” Rugsskaia Shkola, No. 3 (03, 1913), 36–62.Google Scholar

40. Quoted in Chistovich, , Rukovodiashehie, 52,Google Scholar from Shishkov's “Zapiski,” which originally appeared in Obshehestvo Istorii I Drevnosti, , Chteniia, No. 3 (1868), 71–73.Google Scholar

41. Sturdza, , Russkaia Starina, XV, No. 1 (1876), 272.Google Scholar

42. For biographical information on Fotii, see Popov, K. D., “lur'evskii arkhimandrit Fotii i ego tserkovno-obshchestveimaia deiatel'nost',” Trudy Kieuskoi Dukhovnoi Akademii, (06 1875), pp. 698–717Google Scholar; Chizh, V. F., “Psikhologiia fanatisma (Fotii Spasskii).” Voprosy Filosofii i Psikhologii LXXVI-LXXVII (01–04, 1905),Google Scholarpassim.; Miropolskii, S. I., “Fotii Spasskii, iur'evskii arkhimandrit—Istoriko-biograficheskii ocherk',” Vestnik Evropy, XII, No 6, Pt. 11, 8–59,Google Scholar Pt. 12, 589–636; and Karnovich, E. P., “Arkhimandrit Fotii, nastoiatel‘ Novgorodskago-Iur’eva monastyria,” Russkaia Starina, XIII (07–08, 1875), 301–332, 459–489.Google Scholar Also see Fotii's autobiography, edited by Zhniakin, V. N., in Russkaia Starina, LXXXII-LXXXIV (1894–1896),Google Scholarpassim., which must, however, be read with caution.

43. On Gossner and Lindel, see Chistovich, , Istoriia perevod Biblii, pp. 59–60Google Scholar; Chistovich, , Rukovodiashehie, pp. 202–203Google Scholar; Paterson, , Book for Every Land, pp. 378–383Google Scholar; MS B. F. B. S., “Agent's Book,” 1820; Dalton, Hermann, Joh. Gossner (Berlin, 1898)Google Scholar; Hoisten, Walter, Johannes Evangelista Gossner, Glaube und Gemeinde (Göttingen, 1949)Google Scholar; Lokies, Hans, Joh. Gossner, Werk und Botsehaft (Giessen, 1936)Google Scholar; and Prochnow, J. D., Johannes Gossner (Berlin, 1864).Google Scholar

44. On the unfolding of the conspiracy, see Grech, N. I., Zapiski o moei zhizni (St. Petersburg, 1886), pp. 316–320Google Scholar; Grech, N. I., Zapiski, o moci rhizni (Leningrad, 1930), pp. 579–585Google Scholar; Pypin, , “R. B. O.,” pp. 202–205Google Scholar; Sushkov, , Zapiski, pp. 104–106Google Scholar; and Chistovich, , Rukovodiashchie, pp. 229–234.Google Scholar

45. Quoted in Chistovich, , Rukovodiashehie, pp. 230–233.Google Scholar

46. Ibid., p. 234.

47. Quoted by Schiemann, P., Aleksandr Pervyi (Moscow, 1911), p. 104.Google Scholar (Italics in the originat.)

48. Various accounts of the meeting between Golitsyn and Fotii are contained in Fotii's autobiography, in Shishkov's memoirs, and in Sverbeev, D. N., “Pervaia i posledniala moia vstreeha s A. S. Shishkovym,” Russkii Arkhiv, IX (1871), 162–182.Google Scholar The variants are summarized in Popov, , Trudy Kievslcoi Dukhovnoi Akademii, (06, 1875), 762–765.Google Scholar Also see Karnovich, , Zamechatel'nyia i zagodochnyia lichnosti XVIII i XIX stoletii (2nd ed.; St. Petersburg, 1893), p. 382;Google ScholarChistovich, , Rukovodiashchie, pp. 234–235Google Scholar; and Chizh, , Voprosy Fil. i Psikh., LXXVII, 175.Google Scholar

49. Chistovich, , Rukovodiashchie, pp. 235–236Google Scholar; Greeh, (1930 ed.) p. 586. Also see the comby Ivanov-Razumnik and D. M. Pines in Ibid., pp. 809–822.

50. Chistovich, , Rukouodi.ashchie, pp. 236–237.Google Scholar Also see Popov, , Trudy Kievskoi Dulchovnoi Akademii, (06, 1875) 766–769Google Scholar; Pypin, , “R. B. O.,” pp. 199–201Google Scholar; and Chizh, , Voprosy Fil. i Psikh., LXXVII, 178–182,Google Scholar for Fotii's attack on the R. B. S.

51. Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov, (29, 914 of 05 15, 1824)Google Scholar, Series, I, XXXIXGoogle Scholar; Chistovieh, , Rukovodiashohie, pp. 237–238Google Scholar; and Blagovidov, pp. 368–370.

52. Pypin, , “R. B. O.,” p. 82.Google Scholar

53. Serafim to Filaret, May 20, 1824, in L'vov (ed.), Pis'ma dukhovnykh i svetskikh lits k Filaretu, pp. 38–39.

54. Chistovich, , Rukovodiashchie, pp. 238–241.Google Scholar

55. See Turgenev to Alexander I, May 19, 1824, in Dubrovin, N. F. (ed.), Pis'ma glavneishikh deiatelei v tsarstvovanie Imperatora Aleksandra I (s 1808–1829 god) (St. Petersburg, 1883), pp. 384–388Google Scholar; Turgenev to Viazemskii, May 21, 1824, in Ostaf'evskii arkhiv kniarei Viazemskikh, ed. S. D. Sheremetev (5 vols. in 8; St. Petersburk, 1899–1913), III, pt. 1, pp. 46–47Google Scholar; Chistovich, , Istoriia pereuoda Biblli, p. 72Google Scholar; and Paterson, , Book for Every Land, pp. 385–386.Google Scholar

56. Bogdanovieh, M. I., Istoriia tsarstvovaniia Imperatora Alelcsandra I i Rossii v ego vremia (6 vols.; St. Petersburg, 1869–1871), VI, Appenlix, pp. 46–48.Google Scholar

57. Fibtret to Serafim, December 13, 1824, in Sushkov, , Appendix XXV, pp. 51–52.Google Scholar For details of the ease involving Filaret 's catechism, see Korsunskii, pp. 63–69; and Shishkov, II, 205–206.

58. Chistovich, I. A., Istoriia S. Peterburgskoi dukhovnoi akademii (St. Petersburg, 1857), pp. 420–421.Google Scholar

59. Shiskov, , II, 208–214Google Scholar; Pypin, , “R. B. O.,” pp. 225–226.Google Scholar

60. On Russian Bible Society activity after Golitsyn's fall, see Ibid., pp. 246–251.

61. Chistovich, , Istoriia perevoda Biblii, pp. 71–75.Google Scholar

62. Shishkov, , II, 214–217, 221–224.Google Scholar

63. Shishkov's memorandum will be found in Ibid., II, 225–235. The anti-Bible Society literature contains rather a large number of such attacks, which are highly redundant both in their general characterization of the Bible mystics, their interpretations, and their proposals. Another of Shishkov's treatises, “O bibleiskikh obshchestvakh,” which contains essentially the same accusations and arguments, is in Ibid., II, 293–8. Both are based largely on the anonymous “K istorii bibleiskago obshchestva v Rossii,” which will be found in Dubrovin, N. (ed.), Sbornik isioricheskikh materiaiov, izvelchennykh iz arkhiva sob stvennoi ego imperatorskago velichestva kantseliarii (16 vols. in 8Google Scholar; St. Petersburg, 1876–1917), XII, 325–338. Finally, perhaps the most extensive such document is the “Zapiska o kramolakh vragov Rosii,” which begins with an “historicai” survey of the various attempts of Russia's enemies to undermine the Orthodox faith, discusses the dangers inherent in the “free spirit” sects, and points out the ways in which the agents of Satan used the noble impulses of Alexander I for their own advantage. The “Zapiska” will be found in Rnsskii Arkhiv, VI (1868), 1329–1391.Google Scholar

64. Serafim to Alexander I, December 11, 1824, in Moroshkin, O. (ed.), “K istorii bibleiskikh obshchestv,” Russkii Arkhiv, VI (1868), 940–944.Google Scholar

65. Serafim to Alexander I, December 28, 1824, in Ibid., 943–944.

66. Damages were assessed as amounting to “at least 60,000 rubles” by the B.F.B.S. repre. sentative, Ebenezer Henderson. Quoted in Henderson, Thulia (ed), Memoir of the Rev. E. Henderson (London, [1860]), p. 293.Google Scholar

67. Paterson, , Book for Every Land, p. 394Google Scholar; MS B. F. B. S., , “Agents Book,” 1825.Google Scholar

68. See the report by R. B. S. Secretary Serov to Serafim, dated February 12, 1826 containing information on the status of both the central and local Bible Societies, in Dubrovin, (ed.), Sbornik istoricheskikh materialov, XII, 379–401.Google Scholar

69. “Muenie preosvishchennykh mitropolitov Novgorodskago Serafima i Kievskago Evgeniia o Bibleiskom Obshchestve,” in Ibid., XII, 376–378.

70. Chistovich, , Istoriia perevoda Biblii, pp. 93–94Google Scholar; Pinkerton, Robert, Russia; or Miscellaneous Observations on the Past and Present State of That Country and its Inhabitants (London, 1833), pp. 390–391Google Scholar; MS B. F. B. S., , “Agents Book,” 1826Google Scholar; Paterson, , Book for Every Land, p. 408Google Scholar; and Znamenskii, P., Rukovodstvo k russkoi tserkovnoi istorii (5th ed.; Kazan, , 1888), p. 431.Google Scholar

71. Pinkerton, p. 391.

72. The story of the eventual translation will be found in Korsunskii and in Chistovich, Istoriia perevoda Biblii.