Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T01:43:54.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Roman Catholic Church, the State and Al Smith

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

James H. Smylie
Affiliation:
Princeton Theological Seminary

Extract

Historians have shown a reluctance to discuss a basic issue of the Al Smith campaign of 1928: the relationship between the Church and the State.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1960

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Cf. Williams, Michael, The Shadow of the Pope, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1932, pp. vivii, 171.Google Scholar

2. Moore, Edmund A., A Catholic Runs for President, New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1956, pp. v, vii.Google Scholar

3. Ibid., p. 77.

4. Cf. Ireland, John, The Church and Modern Society, Chicago: D. H. McBride & Co., 1903, Vol. I, pp. 399 ff.Google Scholar

5. Leo, XIII, “True and False Americanism in Religion” (Testem Benevolentiae, 1899), The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII, New York: Benziger Brothers, 1903, p. 452.Google Scholar

6. Cf. McAvoy, Thomas T., The Great Crisis in American Catholic History 1895–1900, Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1957, pp. 303 ff.Google ScholarBarry, William, “‘Americanism’ True and False,” The North American Review, Vol. CLXIX (07, 1899), pp. 3349Google Scholar; Etheridge, J. St. Clair, “The Genesis of ‘Americanism,’The North American Review, Vol. CLXX (05, 1900), pp. 679693.Google Scholar

7. Butler, Dom Cuthbert, The Vatican Council (2 vols.), London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1930, Vol. II, pp. 294295.Google Scholar

8. The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII, New York: Benziger Brothers, 1903, p. 580.Google Scholar

9. Cf. Leo, XIII, “The Christian Constitution of States” (Immortale Dei, 1885)Google Scholar, The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII, op. cit., pp. 109–121.

10. Ibid., 114.

11. Leo XIII, “Human Liberty” (Libertas Praestantissimum, 1888), The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII, op. cit., pp. 142–161.

12. Leo, XIII, “The Christian Constitution of States” (Immortale Dei, 1885)Google Scholar, The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII, op. cit., p. 127.

13. Leo, XIII, “Catholicity in the United States” (Longinque Oceani, 1895)Google Scholar, The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII, op. cit., p. 323.

14. Ellis, John Tracy, The Life of James Cardinal Gibbons (2 vols.), Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1952, Vol. II, p. 29.Google Scholar

15. Ibid., p. 30

16. Cf. Current History, Vol. XXVII (03, 1928), p. 787.Google Scholar

17. Leo, XIII, “Human Liberty” (Libertas Praestantissimum, 1888)Google Scholar, The Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII, op. cit., p. 158.

18. Moore, op. cit., p. 109.

19. Fox, James J., “The Relations of Church and State,” The Catholic World, Vol. LXXXIV (03, 1907), pp. 777778.Google Scholar

20. Theodore Roosevelt to Martin, J. C., New York Times, 11 9, 1908.Google Scholar

21. Editorial, , New York Times, 11 9, 1908.Google Scholar

22. William Schoenfeld and Martin Walker for the New York Pastoral Conference of the Synodical Conference of the Lutheran Church to Roosevelt, Theodore, New York Times, 11 16, 1908.Google Scholar

23. New York Times, 11 9, 1908.Google Scholar

24. Gibbons, James Cardinal, “The Church and the Republic,” The North American Review, Vol. CLXXXIX (03, 1909), pp. 321330.Google Scholar Cf.Satolli, Francis, Apostolic Delegate to America, in Loyalty to Church and State, Baltimore: John Murphy and Company, 1895, p. 249.Google Scholar

25. Ibid., p. 329. In January, 1909, Manrice M. Hassett, a Roman Catholic scholar, began a long series of articles in The American Catholic Quarterly Review on the Church and State. He attemped to trace the gradual definition of the spheres of authority in the Church's struggle with the State during the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Cf. The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XXXIV (01, 1909), pp. 112125Google Scholar; (April, 1909), pp. 283–303; Vol. XXXVI (April, 1911), pp. 279–301; (October, 1911), pp. 590–610; Vol. XXXVII (April, 1912), pp. 266–285; Vol. XXXVIII (07, 1913), pp. 399–422.

26. Gibbons, “The Church and the Republic,” The North American Review, op. cit., pp. 334–336.

27. Cf. Schoenfeld, William, “Separation of Church and State—A Policy or a Principle?The North American Review, Vol. CLXXXIX (05, 1909), pp. 663, 668, 672, 674.Google Scholar

28. By a Layman, Catholic, “The Catholic Laity and the Republic,” The North American Review, Vol. CXC (07, 1909), pp. 3543.Google Scholar

29. Thurston, Herbert, “Encyclical,” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. V, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909, pp. 413414.Google Scholar

30. Macksey, Charles, “State and Church,” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. XIV, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912, pp. 250254.Google Scholar

31. Pohle, Joseph, “Toleration, Religious,” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. XIV, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912, pp. 763773.Google Scholar Cf. Finlay, Peter, “Are Catholics Intolerant?The Catholic Mind, Vol. XIV (07 8, 1916), pp. 351370.Google Scholar

32. Ireland, John, “Catholicism and Americanism” (1913), in Ryan, John A. and Millar, Moorhouse F. X., The State and the Church, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922, pp. 282298.Google Scholar

33. Cf. John Ireland, “The Mission of Catholics in America” (1889), The Church and Modern Spoiety, op. cit., pp. 71–101; John Ireland, “Catholicism and Americanism” (1913), in Ryan and Millar, op. cit., pp. 296, 297.

34. Schmidt, George T., The Catholic American, New York: Benziger Brothers, 1920, p. 29.Google Scholar

35. “Pastoral Letter of 1919,” in Our Bishops Speak, Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1952, p. 27.Google Scholar

36. In 1923 the name of this agency became the National Catholic Welfare Conference.

37. Ryan and Millar, op. cit., p. v. Jesuit G. T. Eberle restated the papal teaching in “The Two Swords,” Catholic Mind, Vol. XVI (01 8, 1918), pp. 111.Google Scholar

38. Leo XIII, “The Christian Constitution of States” (Immortale Dei, 1885), in Ryan and Millar, op. cit., pp. 23–24.

39. Cf. Moorhouse F. X. Millar, “The History and Development of the Democratic Theory of Government in Christian Tradition,” Ryan and Millar, op. cit., pp. 99 ff. One of the earliest treatments of this theme was by a layman, Catholic, Hunt, Gaillard, “The Virginia Declaration of Rights and Cardinal Bellarmine,” The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. III (10, 1917), pp. 276289.Google Scholar Protestant historian, David S. Schaff, attempted to demolish this whole line of thought in an extensive polemic, Our Fathers' Faith and Ours, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928, p. 680.Google Scholar

40. Cf. John A. Ryan, “Comments on the ‘Christian Constitution of States’,” Ryan and Millar, op. cit., 34–39.

41. Ibid., pp. 38–39.

42. A Review of The State and the Church, America, Vol. XXVII (07 29, 1922), p. 354.Google Scholar

43. Cf. A Review of The State and the Church, The Catholic World, Vol. CXVII (08, 1923), pp. 702703.Google Scholar

44. A Review of The State and the Church, The Ecclesiastical Review, Seventh Series, Vol. VII (08, 1922), p. 204.Google Scholar

45. Cf. New York Times, 10 18, 1925Google Scholar: Machray, Robert, “The Vatican's Present Position in Europe,” Current History, Vol. XXIV (06, 1926), pp. 359364.Google Scholar

46. Cf. “Pastoral Letter on Mexico” (1926), in Our Bishops Speak, op. cit., pp. 6697.Google Scholar

47. Williams, Michael, “The Greatest Catholic Gathering in Modern Times,” Current History, Vol. XXIV (08, 1926), pp. 686692.Google Scholar

48. New York Times, 06 16, 1926.Google Scholar

49. New York Times, 08 9, 1926.Google Scholar

50. Marshall, Charles C., “An Open Letter to the Honorable Alfred E. Smith,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CXXXIX (04, 1927), p. 541.Google Scholar

51. Parsons, Wilfred, “Are Protestants American?America, Vol. XXXVI (02 5, 1927), pp. 404406.Google Scholar

52. Marshall, op. cit., pp. 540, 548.

53. Smith, Alfred E., “Catholic and Patriot: Governor Smith Replies,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CXXXIX (05, 1927), p. 724.Google Scholar

54. Ibid., p. 728.

55. Ibid., pp. 721, 728.

56. Editorial, , America, Vol. XXXVII (04 30, 1927), p. 53.Google Scholar

57. “Should a Catholic Be President? An Open Letter to Mr. Charles Marshall,” The Commonweal, Vol. V (04 13, 1927), p. 626Google Scholar. Cf.Byrne, Edward John, “The Religious Issue in National Politics,” The Catholic Historical Review, New Series, Vol. VIII (10, 1928), p. 363.Google Scholar

58. Editorial, , America, Vol. XXXVII (04 30, 1927), p. 55.Google Scholar

59. “Notes and Remarks,” The Ave Maria, New Series, Vol. XXV (05 28, 1927), p. 695.Google Scholar

60. Fountain, Charles Hillman, “The Case for the Opposition to a Catholic President,” Current History, Vol. XXVII (03, 1928), p. 778.Google Scholar

61. Cf.Ryan, John A., “The Catholic Reply to the Opposition,” Current History, Vol. XXVII (03, 1928), p. 783.Google Scholar Ryan brought this matter to light again in his book, The Catholic Church and the Citizen, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1928, p. 36.Google Scholar

62. Cf. Loetscher, Fredrick W. in “Comments by Distinguished Authorities,” Current History, Vol. XXVII (03, 1928), p. 790.Google Scholar

63. Cf. John A. Ryan, “The Catholic Reply to the Opposition,” Current History, op. cit., pp. 784–785.

64. Ryan, John A. to America, America, Vol. XXXVIII (03 24, 1928), p. 592.Google Scholar

65. Marshall, Charles C., The Roman Catholic Church in the Modern State, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1928, p. 350.Google Scholar

66. A Review of The Roman Catholic Church in the Modern State, America, Vol. XXXIX (04 28, 1928), p. 70.Google Scholar

67. Conway, Bertrand L., “The Pope and the Constitution,” The Catholic World, Vol. CXXVII (06, 1928), pp. 320321, 329.Google Scholar

68. Healy, Patrick J., “Mr. Marshall's Windmill,” The Commonweal, Vol. VIII (08 29, 1928) pp. 414416.Google Scholar

69. Editorial Comment, The Catholic World, Vol. CXXVIII (12, 1928), pp. 362363.Google Scholar

70. Cf. “Notes and Comment,”“Noted Speakers and Religious Prejudice,” The Catholic Historical Review, New Series, Vol. VIII (01, 1929), p. 633;Google ScholarRyan, John A., “A Catholic View of the Election,” Current History, Vol. XXIX (12, 1928), pp. 377381.Google Scholar

71. Cf. Shuster, George N., The Catholic Spirit in America, New York: The Dial Press, 1927, p. viii.Google Scholar

72. Editorial Comment, The Catholic World, Vol. CXXVIII (10, 1928), p. 104.Google Scholar

73. Editorial Comment, The Catholic World, Vol. CXXVIII (12, 1928), p. 358.Google Scholar

74. LaFarge, John, “The Pope's Balance Sheet,” America, Vol. XL (12 15, 1928), pp. 229231.Google Scholar

75. “What Shall the Catholic Do?” The Commonweal, Vol. IX (01 2, 1929), p. 251.Google Scholar