Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T02:01:54.881Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Representation of Mary in the Architecture of Le Corbusier's Chapel at Ronchamp

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Flora Samuel
Affiliation:
Lecturer in architectural design at Cardiff University.

Extract

In the Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris there is a little guide for pilgrims that was given to the architect when he began work on the pilgrimage chapel of Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp (1955), probably the most influential yet contentious building of the twentieth century (fig. 1). Within the guide, the section on the cult of Mary has been heavily underlined and in the margin is the word “feminism,” written by Le Corbusier, a very unusual departure for a man of his times. In this article I will examine the role of Mary in the work of Le Corbusier and discuss the way in which she is interpreted in the architecture of Ronchamp.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Belot, M. le Chanoine (curé de Ronchamp), Manuel du Pèlerin (Lyons: Éditions Lescuyer, 1930), 22. In Fondation Le Corbusier (hereafter referred to as FLC).Google Scholar

2. Warner, Marina, Alone of All Her Sex (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1976), 334.Google Scholar

3. Henry Provensal, L'Art de demain (Paris, 1904);Google ScholarRenan, Ernest, La Vie de Jesus (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1906);Google ScholarEdouard Schuré, Les Grands Initiés (Paris, 1908), all in FLC.Google ScholarSee also Turner, Paul, The Education of an Architect (New York: Garland, 1977), for an overview of Le Corbusier's early education.Google Scholar

4. Corbusier, Le, The Chapel at Ronchamp (London: Architectural, 1957), 6.Google Scholar

5. Le Corbusier, Chapel at Ronchamp, 9: ‘“Mister Le Corbusier, in the name of the manager of the Chicago Tribune, answer this question: was it necessary to be a Catholic to build this chapel?’ I replied, ‘Foutez-moi le camp!’”Google Scholar

6. “Protestantism as a religion lacks the necessary sensuality that fills the innermost depths of a human being, sanctuaries of which he is hardly conscious and which are part of the animal self, or perhaps the most elevated part of the subconscious. This sensuality, which intoxicates and eludes reason, is a source of latent joy and a harness of living strength” (Le Corbusier, Journey to the East [Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987], 162).Google Scholar

7. Couturier, M. A., Se garder libre: Journal, 1947–1954 (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1962), 30.Google Scholar

8. Corbusier, Le, Precisions on the Present State of Architecture and City Planning (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991), 11.Google Scholar

9. Corbusier, Le, Sketchbooks: Vol. 3 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982), sketchbook K41, sketch 549.Google Scholar

10. Corbusier, Le, Le Poème de l'Angle Droit (Paris: Éditions Connivance, 1989).Google Scholar

11. Krustrup, Mogens, Porte Email (Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag, 1991), 143; Krustrup's book is dedicated to the interpretation of the South door.Google Scholar

12. Coll, Jaime, “Le Corbusier: Taureaux: An Analysis of the Thinking Process in the Last Series of Le Corbusier's Plastic Work,” Art History 18 (1995): 547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

13. Coll, Jaime, “Structure and Play in Le Corbusier's Art Works,” AA Files 31 (1996): 10.Google Scholar

14. Letter from Le Corbusier to Edouard Trouin, 07 22, 1957, in FLC, Dossier Trouin.Google Scholar

15. Letter from Edouard Trouin to Le Corbusier, in FLC, Dossier Trouin, document no. 13 01 389.Google Scholar

16. Letter from Edouard Trouin to Le Corbusier, in FLC, Dossier Trouin, document no. 13 01 48.Google Scholar

17. Le Corbusier's personal library contains many books on the subject, for example: Belperron, Pierre, La Croisade contre les Albigeois et l'union de Languedoc à la France (Paris: Plon, 1942);Google Scholarand Oldenbourg, Zoe, Le Bucher de Montsegur (Paris: Gallimard, 1959). He believed that he was descended from Cathar ancestry, the “parfaits” of Languedoc.Google Scholar

18. Coincy-Saint, Palais, Esclarmonde de Foix: Princesse Cathare (Toulouse: Privat, 1956), 121. “On sait quelle importance le Catharisme donnait aux femmes.”Google Scholar

19. Coincy-Saint, Esclarmonde de Foix, 41.Google Scholar

20. Le Corbusier, Precisions, 11: “Women have preceded us. They have carried out the reform of their clothing. They found themselves at a dead end: to follow fashion was to give up the advantages of modern techniques, of modern life. Renounce sports, and, an even more material problem, be unable to take on jobs, that have made women a fertile part of contemporary production and allowed them to earn their living.”Google Scholar

21. Edouard Trouin, document 13 01 399, FLC.Google Scholar

22. St. Teresa of Jesus, The Interior Castle, trans. Bendictines of Stanbrook (London: Thomas Baker, 1912).Google ScholarPubMed

23. Hughes, Sheila Hassell, “A Woman's Soul is Her Castle: Place and Space in St. Teresa's Interior Castle,” Literature and Theology 11 (1997): 380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24. Corbusier, Le, Oeuvre Complète (Zurich: Les Éditions d'Architecture Zurich, 1976), 5: 27.Google Scholar

25. Le Chanoine Belot, Manuel du Pèlerin, 13: “On the hill of Notre Dame there was an ancient temple where idols were worshipped, one of those high places held so dear by depraved and barbaric pagans… [This] has been replaced by a chapel dedicated to the Virgin where the populations from all around join together in a new cult” (author's translation).Google Scholar

26. R3 04 369, FLC, Dossier Speiser: “Connaissez-vous cet homme et ses recherches (paléonthologies, apparition de l'être humain/*d'avenir vues/ (définitives[crossed out]) Je serais curieux de connaître votre opinion sur lui. Moi, j'ai eté très favorablement. Je dois avoir contact avec lui sous peu.”Google Scholar

27. de Lubac, Henri, L'Éternel Féminin: Étude sur un texte du Père Teilhard de Chardin (Paris: Aubier, 1968), 38.Google Scholar

28. Alford, John, “Creativity and Intelligibility in Le Corbusier's Chapel at Ronchamp,” Journal of Aesthetics and Art History 16 (1958): 293305.Google ScholarSee images in Neumann, Erich, The Great Mother (Princeton: Bollingen, 1974), 112.Google Scholar

29. Hervé, Lucien, Le Corbusier: The Artist/Writer (Neuchatel: Editions du Grifon, 1970), 28.Google ScholarCryptically Couturier noted in his journal, “Le mot de Le Corbusier: ‘Je crois à le peau des choses: cathédrales blanches.’” Couturier, Se garder libre, 145.Google Scholar

30. Femme en manteau avec un enfant (1940), and Deux personnages avec manteau (1939) in Billeter, Erica, Le Corbusier secret (Lausanne: Musée Cantonal des Beaux Arts, 1987), plates 104 and 105. Coll, “Structure and Play,” 10.Google Scholar

31. Both Christ-Janer, Albert and Foley, Mary Mix, Modern Church Architecture (London: McGraw Hill, 1962);Google Scholarand Picard, Joseph, “Eglises d'aujourd'hui,” Jardin des Arts 85 (1961): 2531, feature Matisse and Father Couturier at work on the chapel at Vence.Google Scholar

32. Corbusier, Le, introduction to Éveux (Lyons: Lescuyer et Fils, 1971).Google Scholar

33. Coll, “Structure and Play” 10.Google Scholar

34. Le Corbusier. Oeuvre Complète, 6:20.Google Scholar

35. Warner, Alone of All Her Sex, 37.Google Scholar

36. Naegele, Daniel, “An Interview with Lucien Hervé,” Parametro 206 (1995): 77.Google Scholar

37. Le Corbusier, Oeuvre Complète, 5:27. The “Three Marys” is a concept familiar in Provence.Google Scholar

38. Le Corbusier, Chapel at Ronchamp,130.Google Scholar

39. Renan, Ernest, The Life of Jesus (London: Watts, 1947), 215.Google Scholar

40. de Chardin, Pierre Teilhard, Human Energy, trans. Hague, Rene (London: Collins, 1969), 32.Google Scholar

41. Evans, Robin, The Projective Cast (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), 284.Google Scholar

42. Krustrup, Porte Email, 149.Google Scholar

43. Labasant, Jean, “Le Corbusier's Notre Dame du Haut Ronchamp,” Architectural Record 118 (1955): 170.Google Scholar

44. Purdy, Martin, “Le Corbusier and the Theological Programme” in The Open Hand, ed. Walden, Russell (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982), 318.Google Scholar

45. See Battersby, Christine, Gender and Genius (London: Women's, 1989), 214, for a discussion of the problematic word “feminine.”Google Scholar