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3. Gaustad, , Historical Atlas, x.Google Scholar

4. Zelinsky, , “An Approach to the Religious Geography of the United States,” 162.Google Scholar

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6. Tuan, , “Humanistic Geography,” especially 271–72. Tuan further developed his ideas and their implications for religious studies in “Geopiety:Google ScholarA Theme in Man's Attachment to Nature and to Place,” in Lowenthal, David and Bowden, Martyn J., eds., Geographies of the Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 11–39Google Scholarand Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977).Google Scholar

7. Studies of the Mormon region included Meinig, Donald W., “The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847–1964,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55 (1965): 191–220;CrossRefGoogle ScholarJackson, R. H., “Religion and Landscape in the Mormon Cultural Region,” in Butzer, Karl W., ed., Dimensions of Human Geography: Essays on Some Familiar and Neglected Themes, Department of Geography Research Paper 186 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977), 100–127;Google Scholarand Francaviglia, Richard V., The Mormon Landscape (New York: AMS, 1979).Google ScholarNostrand, Richard L. examined the Spanish Catholic region in “The Hispanic-American Borderland: Delimitation of an American Culture Region,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60 (1970): 638–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarThe Southern region, like the Mormon region, was the subject of several studies, including Hill, Samuel S., Religion and the Solid South (Nashville, Term.: Abingdon, 1972);Google ScholarReed, John S., The Enduring South (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington, 1972), 57–81;Google Scholarand Mathews, Donald G., Religion in the Old South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977).Google ScholarThe Texas German subregion was explored By Jordan, Terry G. in “A Religious Geography of the Hill Country Germans of Texas,” in Luebke, Frederick C., Ethnicity on the Great Plains (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 109–28.Google ScholarAinsley, William F. studied the Carolina piedmont in “The North Carolina Piedmont: An Island of Religious Diversity“ (M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1972). Some scholars postulated and explored cultural microregions not included in the Gaustad-Zelinsky schema:Google ScholarBjorklund, Elaine M. recognized a Dutch Reformed microregion in “Ideology and Culture Exemplified in Southwestern Michigan,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 54 (1964): 227–41CrossRefGoogle Scholarand Vogeler, J. identified “The Roman Catholic Culture Region of Central Minnesota,” Pioneer America 8 (1976): 71–83.Google Scholar

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17. Stump, Roger W., “Regional Migration and Religious Commitment in the United States,” journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 23 (1984): 292–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarSee also Stump, Roger W., “Regional Variations in Denominational Switching Among White Protestants,” The Professional Geographer 39 (1987): 438–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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20. In this vein, Hill, Samuel S. proposed “sacrament words“ a few years later as a way to carry studies of religious regionalism beyond spatial extension into matters of religious belief; see Samuel S. Hill, “Religion and Region in America,” 138–39.Google Scholar

21. Wentz, , “Region and Religion in America,” 149, 152–53, 155.Google Scholar

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24. Ibid., 369.

25. Stout, Harry S. and Hart, D. G., eds., New Directions in American Religious History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). The conference was held at the Wingspread Conference Center in Racine, Wisconsin.Google Scholar

26. Hammond, Phillip E., Religion and Personal Autonomy: The Third Disestablishment in America (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992), ix, 18.Google Scholar

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28. Maffly-Kipp, Laurie, Religion and Society in Frontier California (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).Google Scholar

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30. Williams, Peter W., Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).Google Scholar

31. Williams, , Houses of God, xi.Google Scholar

32. Ibid., xi.

33. Ibid., 301.

34. Gaustad, Edwin S. and Barlow, Philip, New Historical Atlas of Religion in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

35. Barlow, Philip, “Time, Space, Motion, and Faith: Shifting Patterns in American Religious Geography“ (unpublished paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Church History, Washington, D.C., January 1999), 15. The problem of pluralism is magnified by the expansion of American religious diversity to include nonwestern religions since the revision of immigration laws in 1965; this development suggests that the standard regional schema, proposed before that crucially transformative year and based entirely on Christian groups (counting Mormonism for present purposes as a Christian group) may require substantial modification.Google Scholar

36. Newman, William M. and Halvorson, Peter L., Atlas of American Religion: The Denominational Era, 1776–1990 (Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira, 2000), 30, 36.Google ScholarI have expressed my own concerns about the future of U.S. religious regionalism in Carroll, Bret E., The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America (New York: Routledge, 2000), 131.Google Scholar

37. Stump, Roger W. has recently proposed local studies as an alternative to regional studies, but the two approaches may not necessarily be mutually exclusive. See Stump, “Geographical Themes in the Study of American Religion” (unpublished paper preinsented at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, New York City, March 2001).Google Scholar

38. Stump, Roger W., who emphasized quantitative approaches to American religious regions during the 1980s, has recently made a similar qualitative shift in his own study of the geography of religion in Boundaries of Faith: Geographical Perspectives on Religious Fundamentalism (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000).Google Scholar

39. Chidester, David and Linenthal, Edward T., eds., American Sacred Space (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995);Google ScholarHall, David D., ed., Lived Religion in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997).Google ScholarOn sacred space, see also Jackson, Richard H. and Henrie, Roger, “Perception of Sacred Space,” Journal of Cultural Geography 3 (1983): 94–107, which offers a tripartite categorization of sacred space: “mystico-religious,” “homelands,” and “historical.“ Williams's conclusion that regionalism remains apparent at the vernacular level of church architecture likewise points to the potential of the sacred space and lived religion approaches.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

40. Livingstone, David N., “Science and Religion: Foreword to the Historical Geography of an Encounter,” Journal of Historical Geography 20 (1994): 367, 368, 373. The word “discourses” is italicized in the original. The close kinship between Livingstone's proposed historical geography of ideas and the sacred space approach is evident in his suggestion (378 ff.) that the evolution controversy was an episode in “the management of scientific and theological space.”CrossRefGoogle Scholar