Article contents
Power and Principle: The Anglican Prayer Book Controversy, 1927-1930
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
Extract
By December, 1927, Church of England Prayer Book Revision was twenty-one years old. It had developed a mystique of its own. The hand of God was at once seen in its overthrow, and appeal to divine Providence does not seem far from some modern interpretations of the events of 1927-30. Anthony Howard thinks the episode reveals the Church of England “as the suffering servant of a secular state,” a curious view when the suffering Church's policy was so emphatically “‘not quite straight.’” The Liturgical Commission finds “the hand of Providence” in the failure of the bishops to carry their Book, or indeed to terminate the emergency created by this failure. Stephen Neill has another theory: that the compromises accepted in 1929-30 were, though illogical and irresolute, typical of the spirit of the nation—which had been engaged with consistency and tenacity in fierce controversy over the issue for several years before. The final proof of these appeals to national or divine wisdom is the assertion that the Book was a very poor Book anyway, though used very widely in the Church of England today.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society of Church History 1964
References
1. Henson, H. H., Retrospect of an Unimportant Life, vol. II (London, 1943), p. 232.Google Scholar
2. Howard, Anthony, The Churches, in Raymond, John (ed.), The Baldwin Age (London, 1960), pp. 150–151.Google Scholar
3. Iremonger, F. A., William Temple (London, 1949), p. 356.Google Scholar
4. Prayer Book Revision in the Church of England (London, 1957), p. 15.Google Scholar
5. Neill, Stephen, Anglicanism (London, 1960), p. 397;Google Scholar cf. Prayer Book Revision, p. 14.
6. Neil, op. cit., p. 398.
7. Prayer Book Revision, pp. 15f.
8. Rogers, T. Guy, A Rebel at Heart (London, 1956), p. 161.Google Scholar
9. Hanson spoke of “A change of emphasis in regard to our whole attitude towards the Churth of Rome, towards the Scriptures and towards the whole conception of Divine Providence which we sum up conveniently under the name of Calvinism.” (Chronicle of Convocation, 1927, no. 1, p. 91)Google Scholar.
10. Bell, G. K. A., Randall Davidson, 3rd ed. (London, 1952), pp. 372–450, 454–473.Google Scholar
11. Notably in the Baptism and Burial Services, and in the “damnatory” of the Athanasian Creed. Prayer Book Revision, p. 5.
12. Bell, op. cit., pp. 454f., 647f.
13. Merritt, E. D., Chr. C., 1928, no. 1, p. 103.Google Scholar
14. Archbishop, of Canterbury, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, p. 78.Google Scholar
15. Archbishop of Canterbury, House of Lords Debates, Fifth Series, vol. 69, col. 772; cf. Archbishop, of Canterbury, Proceedings of the Church Assembly, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 115.Google Scholar
16. Henson, op. cit., vol. I (London, 1942), p. 210.
17. SirInskip, Thomas, P. C. A., vol 11, no. 1, p. 80.Google Scholar
18. Major, H. D. A. wrote of the Anglo Catholics, “This party knows that the present relation of Church and State is a fatal barrier to its policy of enslavement.” (Modern Churchman, 03, 1918).Google Scholar
19. Wolmer, Viscount, P. C. A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 97.Google Scholar
20. Carpenter, James, Gore: A Study in Liberal Catholic Thought (London, 1960), pp. 262f.Google Scholar
21. Compare the conversation of Davidson with a deputation from the Federation of Catholic Priests, Bell, op. cit., pp. 1024-26.
22. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 199.
23. Henson, H. H., The Book and the Vote (London, 1928), pp. xv–xvi.Google Scholar
24. Between 1880 and 1913, 217 Church Bills were introduced into Parliament, of which 183 disappeared (SirBeauchamp, E., House of Commons Debates, Fifth Series, vol. 120, col 1819).Google Scholar
25. Bell, op. cit., pp. 956-80.
26. York Journal of Convocation, 05-07, 1919, p. 155.Google Scholar
27. Rawson, C. F., P. C. A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 76.Google Scholar
28. Cross, F. L., Darwell Stone (London, 1943), pp. 191-92, 195.Google Scholar
29. Henson, , Retrospect, II, p. 166.Google Scholar
30. SirJoynson-Hicks, William, H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 211, col. 2550.Google Scholar
31. Archbishop of Canterbury, H. L. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, cal. 772.
32. Waggett, P. N., Chr. C., 1928, no. 1, pp. 71–72.Google Scholar
33. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 169.
34. Compare the call for reform of episcopal appointments in Williams, N. P., The Bishop of Durham and Disestablishment (London, 1929), pp. 17–19Google Scholar; Pollock, Bertram, Disestablishment and the Prayer Book (London, 1929), p. 35.Google Scholar
35. Henson, , The Book and the Vote, pp. 18–19.Google Scholar
36. Neill, op. cit., p. 398.
37. Of the Archbishop's first declaration, the Manchester Guardian, 23 12, 1927,Google Scholar asked “whether this is the language of a state church.”
38. “I do not envy any Government that has to enter upon the disestablishment and disendowment of the Church of England” (H. C. Deb., Fifth Series; vol. 218, col. 1269.Google Scholar
29. Henson, , Retrospect, II, p. 166.Google Scholar
40. Snowden, Philip, An Autobiography (London, 1934), pp. 41-2.Google Scholar According to one Labour Party leader, there was “not a ghost of a chance” of the Labour Party taking up Disestablishment (Chr. C., 1928, no. 2, p. 193).
41. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 188.
42. E.g., SirHaslam, John, P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 97.Google Scholar
43. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 205.
44. Bertram Pollock, op. cit., p. 17.
45. N. P. Williams, op. cit., p. 11.
46. Partridge, F., Disestablishment (London, 1929), pp. 10–14.Google Scholar
47. Bell, op. cit., p. 341.
48. Henson, op. cit., I, p. 208. The phrase is far from imperceptive. The 1919 Constitution was, however, not radical enough for Catholics either in its concept of the Church electorate or of the place of Parliament. Henson pointed out that, ‘the autonomy secured by the Enabling Act, was essentially fictional,” since Parliament would intervene as soon as the Assembly turned to “spiritual” issues, i.e. questions of principle (Henson, op. cit., I, p. 301).
49. Prayer Book Revision, p. 11.
50. P.C.A., vol. 4, no. 3, p. 333.Google ScholarPubMed
51. Church Quarterly Review, 07, 1927, p. 222.Google Scholar
52. Ommanney, G. C., Y.J.C., 07, 1828.Google Scholar
53. Stone was accused of asking ‘to stake off another period of 20 years in order to engage in a combat for the extinction of one or other of the parties in question” (P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 153).Google Scholar
54. Fox, A., Dean Inge (London, 1960), p. 127.Google Scholar
55. Merritt, E. D., Catholic Representation in the House of Laity, a “Private and Confidential” address to the officers of the English Church Union (London, 1929), p. 7.Google Scholar
56. Cross, op. cit., p. 167.
57. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 105f.Google Scholar
58. Cross, op. cit., p. 185.
59. Letter to The Times, 28 03, 1927Google Scholar, cited in Cross, op. cit., pp. 181-82.
60. Cross, op. cit., p. 181.
61. Riley, Athelstan, P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 124.Google Scholar
62. Cross, op. cit., 193.
63. Merritt, op. cit., p. 3. Merritt counselled Catholics to enroll every sympathizer on the electoral rolls, to put up candidates known for general church work as well as for partisan allegiance, because ‘they are then more likely to get support from outside your own ranks”(p. 6), to collect sympathizers in cars on polling day, etc.
64. Calculations based on lists of the E.C.U. Directory, and division lists of Convocation (Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, pp. 164f).Google Scholar
65. Merritt, op. cit., p. 5.
66. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 105.Google Scholar
67. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 196.Google Scholar
68. Church Times, 13 01, 1928.Google Scholar
69. E.g., Cecil, Lord Hugh, P.C.A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 83Google Scholar; Viscount Wolmer, p. 97.
70. E.g, Douglas, E. C., Chr. C., 1928, no. 2, p. 188.Google Scholar
71. E.g., Wolmer, Viscount, The Freedom of the Kirk (London, 1929)Google Scholar; N. P. Williams, op. cit.
72. N. P. Williams, op. cit., p. 25.
73. Lacey, T. A., Chr. C, 1928, no. 2, p. 193.Google Scholar
74. N. P. Williams, op. cit., pp. 17-19.
75. The phrase is Raymond Raynes's in 1944, when he was having trouble over private masses at Mirfield, from the Bishop of Wakefield. Mosley, N., Raymond Raynes (London, 1961) p. 151.Google Scholar
76. Bell, op. cit., p. 335.
77. Bishop, of Norwich, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, p. 79.Google Scholar
78. H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 211, col. 2546.Google Scholar
79. Cf. Rogers, T. Guy, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, pp. 132f.Google Scholar
80. National Assembly Publications, N. A. 60; Minority Report.
81. Phillimore, Lord, P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 138.Google Scholar
82. Guest, H. J., P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 173.Google Scholar
83. Carson, Lord, H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, col. 872.Google Scholar
84. Quoted by the Bishop, of Durham, H. L. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, col. 925.Google Scholar
85. Bishop, of Norwich, Chr. C., 1927, no.1, p. 87.Google Scholar
86. Henson, op. cit, II, p. 163.
87. Prayer Book Revision, p. 11.
88. Wilson, H. A., P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 154.Google Scholar
89. T. Guy Rogers, op. cit., p. 161.
90. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 196.Google Scholar
91. Church of England Newspaper, 27 01, 1928.Google Scholar
92. Bell, op. cit., p. 1301.
93. Dark, Sidney, Archbishop Davidson and the English Church (London 1929), p. 200.Google Scholar
94. Knox, A. E., The Malines Conversations and the Deposited Book (London, 1928), p. 13.Google Scholar
95. Edwards, J. H., P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 63.Google Scholar
96. Bishop of Norwich, op. cit.
97. Church of England Newspaper, 15 06, 1928.Google Scholar
98. SirInskip, Thomas, P.C.A., vol. 11, 1, p. 80.Google Scholar
99. Bell, op. cit., p. 337.
100. Y.J.C., 07, 1928, p. 62.Google Scholar
101. Prayer Book Revision, p. 15.
102. Lockhart, J. G., Cosmo Gordon Lang (London, 1949), p. 301.Google Scholar
103. Davidson's outlook was, “If people would only let me do things in my own way, the Church of England would get on alright” (Bell, op. cit., p. 979). Lang was not entirely removed from “the proud prelate” (Lockhart, op. cit., p. 290). Yet neither Archbishop felt enthusiasm for the detailed Revision scheme of 1927, and they too were partly carried along by the impetus of Church politics (Bell, op. cit., p. 1356; Lockhart, op. cit., p. 300).
104. Bishop of Durham, , P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 114.Google Scholar
105. Guy Rogers concluded that his “unreliability” on Revision earned him a “black mark” with Lang; Guy Rogers, op. cit., pp. 162-3.
106. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 104.Google Scholar
107. SirRoberts, S., H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 218, col. 1029.Google Scholar
108. Higginson, J. H., P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 165.Google Scholar
109. Cf. Archbishop of Canterbury, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, p. 73.
110. Note the tendency of minorities to fall as the rank of the voters increases, in the two votes of Convocation in March, 1927, and March, 1928. These figures point to a distinct tendency for higher ranking clergy in Convocation to support the Bishops, more than the lower clergy.
The minorities are expressed as a percentage of the vote of each class. Figures from Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, pp. 164f.; 1928, no. 1, pp. 128f.
111. In this period, figures on the electoral rolls ware always considerably in excess of the number of Easter Communicants; cf. Facts and Figures about the Church of England (London, 1962)Google Scholar, tables 65 and 66. In reality the figures were very inflated, and the total votes cast in any one poll was minute. The population of Durham diocese was approximately 1,500,000; 156,000 electors were registered; 8,800 attended annual meetings in 1927, and elected 7,000 representatives, i.e. themselves. H. L. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, pp. 803, 961.Google Scholar
112. Lockhart, op. cit., pp. 302-03.
113. The total votes of both Convocations in 1927 and 1928 were 268-36, and 205-73; of the Assembly, 517-431, and 396-153.
114. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 127.Google Scholar
115. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 158.Google Scholar
116. Bell, op. cit., p. 399.
117. Y.J.C., 05-07, 1919, p. 156.Google Scholar
118. Earl, of Selborne, P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 116.Google Scholar
119. Bishop of Exeter, Chr. C., 1928, no. 2, p. 155.
120. Lockhart, op. cit., p. 304.
121. Dark, op. cit., p. 234.
122. Lockhart, op. cit., p. 307.
123. The Bishops' efforts at clarification meant that “former adherents had become active opponents, and former opponents were still as keen as ever,” claimed SirHaslam, John (P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 96).Google Scholar Lockhart comments, “The Church was told that the changes were unimportant, the House of Commons that they were serious enough to warrant a reversal of its previous verdict. Neither took the assurance in good part” (op. cit., p. 308).
124. Chr. C., 1929, no. 2, pp. 14-15.
125. Chr. C., 1929, no. 2, p. 39.
126. The main objections were: (i) How could a document rejected by Parliament be a doctrinal test in the Church of England? (ii) How could the Bishops, flouting the law of the land, impose law on the lawless? (iii) How could the Bishops accept practices falling within the scope of the 1928 Book, yet reject other practices no more and no less lawless? (iv) How could the Bishops appeal to the synodical authority of the 1928 Book when the 1927 Book received greater support in the Church courts? Even Sir Lewis Dibdin described the course eventually adopted by the Bishops as “wholly improper” (A Christian State, London, 1929, p. 5).Google Scholar
127. Bishop, of Winchester, P.C.A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 70.Google Scholar
128. P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 115-16.Google Scholar
129. Simpson, P. Carnegie, Recollections (London, 1943), pp. 90–91Google ScholarPubMed; cf. Bell, H. C., Y.J.C., 07, 1928, p. 72.Google Scholar
130. P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 3, p. 114.Google Scholar
131. P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 3, p. 115.Google Scholar
132. Archbishop, of Canterbury, P.C.A., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 420-21.Google Scholar
133. Lockhart, op. cit., pp. 340, 377; Iremonger, op. cit., p. 357.
- 4
- Cited by