Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T22:58:43.224Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Power and Principle: The Anglican Prayer Book Controversy, 1927-1930

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Robert Currie
Affiliation:
Nuffield College, Oxford University

Extract

By December, 1927, Church of England Prayer Book Revision was twenty-one years old. It had developed a mystique of its own. The hand of God was at once seen in its overthrow, and appeal to divine Providence does not seem far from some modern interpretations of the events of 1927-30. Anthony Howard thinks the episode reveals the Church of England “as the suffering servant of a secular state,” a curious view when the suffering Church's policy was so emphatically “‘not quite straight.’” The Liturgical Commission finds “the hand of Providence” in the failure of the bishops to carry their Book, or indeed to terminate the emergency created by this failure. Stephen Neill has another theory: that the compromises accepted in 1929-30 were, though illogical and irresolute, typical of the spirit of the nation—which had been engaged with consistency and tenacity in fierce controversy over the issue for several years before. The final proof of these appeals to national or divine wisdom is the assertion that the Book was a very poor Book anyway, though used very widely in the Church of England today.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1964

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Henson, H. H., Retrospect of an Unimportant Life, vol. II (London, 1943), p. 232.Google Scholar

2. Howard, Anthony, The Churches, in Raymond, John (ed.), The Baldwin Age (London, 1960), pp. 150151.Google Scholar

3. Iremonger, F. A., William Temple (London, 1949), p. 356.Google Scholar

4. Prayer Book Revision in the Church of England (London, 1957), p. 15.Google Scholar

5. Neill, Stephen, Anglicanism (London, 1960), p. 397;Google Scholar cf. Prayer Book Revision, p. 14.

6. Neil, op. cit., p. 398.

7. Prayer Book Revision, pp. 15f.

8. Rogers, T. Guy, A Rebel at Heart (London, 1956), p. 161.Google Scholar

9. Hanson spoke of “A change of emphasis in regard to our whole attitude towards the Churth of Rome, towards the Scriptures and towards the whole conception of Divine Providence which we sum up conveniently under the name of Calvinism.” (Chronicle of Convocation, 1927, no. 1, p. 91)Google Scholar.

10. Bell, G. K. A., Randall Davidson, 3rd ed. (London, 1952), pp. 372450, 454473.Google Scholar

11. Notably in the Baptism and Burial Services, and in the “damnatory” of the Athanasian Creed. Prayer Book Revision, p. 5.

12. Bell, op. cit., pp. 454f., 647f.

13. Merritt, E. D., Chr. C., 1928, no. 1, p. 103.Google Scholar

14. Archbishop, of Canterbury, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, p. 78.Google Scholar

15. Archbishop of Canterbury, House of Lords Debates, Fifth Series, vol. 69, col. 772; cf. Archbishop, of Canterbury, Proceedings of the Church Assembly, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 115.Google Scholar

16. Henson, op. cit., vol. I (London, 1942), p. 210.

17. SirInskip, Thomas, P. C. A., vol 11, no. 1, p. 80.Google Scholar

18. Major, H. D. A. wrote of the Anglo Catholics, “This party knows that the present relation of Church and State is a fatal barrier to its policy of enslavement.” (Modern Churchman, 03, 1918).Google Scholar

19. Wolmer, Viscount, P. C. A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 97.Google Scholar

20. Carpenter, James, Gore: A Study in Liberal Catholic Thought (London, 1960), pp. 262f.Google Scholar

21. Compare the conversation of Davidson with a deputation from the Federation of Catholic Priests, Bell, op. cit., pp. 1024-26.

22. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 199.

23. Henson, H. H., The Book and the Vote (London, 1928), pp. xvxvi.Google Scholar

24. Between 1880 and 1913, 217 Church Bills were introduced into Parliament, of which 183 disappeared (SirBeauchamp, E., House of Commons Debates, Fifth Series, vol. 120, col 1819).Google Scholar

25. Bell, op. cit., pp. 956-80.

26. York Journal of Convocation, 05-07, 1919, p. 155.Google Scholar

27. Rawson, C. F., P. C. A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 76.Google Scholar

28. Cross, F. L., Darwell Stone (London, 1943), pp. 191-92, 195.Google Scholar

29. Henson, , Retrospect, II, p. 166.Google Scholar

30. SirJoynson-Hicks, William, H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 211, col. 2550.Google Scholar

31. Archbishop of Canterbury, H. L. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, cal. 772.

32. Waggett, P. N., Chr. C., 1928, no. 1, pp. 7172.Google Scholar

33. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 169.

34. Compare the call for reform of episcopal appointments in Williams, N. P., The Bishop of Durham and Disestablishment (London, 1929), pp. 1719Google Scholar; Pollock, Bertram, Disestablishment and the Prayer Book (London, 1929), p. 35.Google Scholar

35. Henson, , The Book and the Vote, pp. 1819.Google Scholar

36. Neill, op. cit., p. 398.

37. Of the Archbishop's first declaration, the Manchester Guardian, 23 12, 1927,Google Scholar asked “whether this is the language of a state church.”

38. “I do not envy any Government that has to enter upon the disestablishment and disendowment of the Church of England” (H. C. Deb., Fifth Series; vol. 218, col. 1269.Google Scholar

29. Henson, , Retrospect, II, p. 166.Google Scholar

40. Snowden, Philip, An Autobiography (London, 1934), pp. 41-2.Google Scholar According to one Labour Party leader, there was “not a ghost of a chance” of the Labour Party taking up Disestablishment (Chr. C., 1928, no. 2, p. 193).

41. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 188.

42. E.g., SirHaslam, John, P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 97.Google Scholar

43. Henson, op. cit., II, p. 205.

44. Bertram Pollock, op. cit., p. 17.

45. N. P. Williams, op. cit., p. 11.

46. Partridge, F., Disestablishment (London, 1929), pp. 1014.Google Scholar

47. Bell, op. cit., p. 341.

48. Henson, op. cit., I, p. 208. The phrase is far from imperceptive. The 1919 Constitution was, however, not radical enough for Catholics either in its concept of the Church electorate or of the place of Parliament. Henson pointed out that, ‘the autonomy secured by the Enabling Act, was essentially fictional,” since Parliament would intervene as soon as the Assembly turned to “spiritual” issues, i.e. questions of principle (Henson, op. cit., I, p. 301).

49. Prayer Book Revision, p. 11.

50. P.C.A., vol. 4, no. 3, p. 333.Google ScholarPubMed

51. Church Quarterly Review, 07, 1927, p. 222.Google Scholar

52. Ommanney, G. C., Y.J.C., 07, 1828.Google Scholar

53. Stone was accused of asking ‘to stake off another period of 20 years in order to engage in a combat for the extinction of one or other of the parties in question” (P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 153).Google Scholar

54. Fox, A., Dean Inge (London, 1960), p. 127.Google Scholar

55. Merritt, E. D., Catholic Representation in the House of Laity, a “Private and Confidential” address to the officers of the English Church Union (London, 1929), p. 7.Google Scholar

56. Cross, op. cit., p. 167.

57. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 105f.Google Scholar

58. Cross, op. cit., p. 185.

59. Letter to The Times, 28 03, 1927Google Scholar, cited in Cross, op. cit., pp. 181-82.

60. Cross, op. cit., p. 181.

61. Riley, Athelstan, P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 124.Google Scholar

62. Cross, op. cit., 193.

63. Merritt, op. cit., p. 3. Merritt counselled Catholics to enroll every sympathizer on the electoral rolls, to put up candidates known for general church work as well as for partisan allegiance, because ‘they are then more likely to get support from outside your own ranks”(p. 6), to collect sympathizers in cars on polling day, etc.

64. Calculations based on lists of the E.C.U. Directory, and division lists of Convocation (Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, pp. 164f).Google Scholar

65. Merritt, op. cit., p. 5.

66. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 105.Google Scholar

67. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 196.Google Scholar

68. Church Times, 13 01, 1928.Google Scholar

69. E.g., Cecil, Lord Hugh, P.C.A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 83Google Scholar; Viscount Wolmer, p. 97.

70. E.g, Douglas, E. C., Chr. C., 1928, no. 2, p. 188.Google Scholar

71. E.g., Wolmer, Viscount, The Freedom of the Kirk (London, 1929)Google Scholar; N. P. Williams, op. cit.

72. N. P. Williams, op. cit., p. 25.

73. Lacey, T. A., Chr. C, 1928, no. 2, p. 193.Google Scholar

74. N. P. Williams, op. cit., pp. 17-19.

75. The phrase is Raymond Raynes's in 1944, when he was having trouble over private masses at Mirfield, from the Bishop of Wakefield. Mosley, N., Raymond Raynes (London, 1961) p. 151.Google Scholar

76. Bell, op. cit., p. 335.

77. Bishop, of Norwich, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, p. 79.Google Scholar

78. H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 211, col. 2546.Google Scholar

79. Cf. Rogers, T. Guy, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, pp. 132f.Google Scholar

80. National Assembly Publications, N. A. 60; Minority Report.

81. Phillimore, Lord, P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 138.Google Scholar

82. Guest, H. J., P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 173.Google Scholar

83. Carson, Lord, H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, col. 872.Google Scholar

84. Quoted by the Bishop, of Durham, H. L. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, col. 925.Google Scholar

85. Bishop, of Norwich, Chr. C., 1927, no.1, p. 87.Google Scholar

86. Henson, op. cit, II, p. 163.

87. Prayer Book Revision, p. 11.

88. Wilson, H. A., P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 154.Google Scholar

89. T. Guy Rogers, op. cit., p. 161.

90. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 196.Google Scholar

91. Church of England Newspaper, 27 01, 1928.Google Scholar

92. Bell, op. cit., p. 1301.

93. Dark, Sidney, Archbishop Davidson and the English Church (London 1929), p. 200.Google Scholar

94. Knox, A. E., The Malines Conversations and the Deposited Book (London, 1928), p. 13.Google Scholar

95. Edwards, J. H., P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 63.Google Scholar

96. Bishop of Norwich, op. cit.

97. Church of England Newspaper, 15 06, 1928.Google Scholar

98. SirInskip, Thomas, P.C.A., vol. 11, 1, p. 80.Google Scholar

99. Bell, op. cit., p. 337.

100. Y.J.C., 07, 1928, p. 62.Google Scholar

101. Prayer Book Revision, p. 15.

102. Lockhart, J. G., Cosmo Gordon Lang (London, 1949), p. 301.Google Scholar

103. Davidson's outlook was, “If people would only let me do things in my own way, the Church of England would get on alright” (Bell, op. cit., p. 979). Lang was not entirely removed from “the proud prelate” (Lockhart, op. cit., p. 290). Yet neither Archbishop felt enthusiasm for the detailed Revision scheme of 1927, and they too were partly carried along by the impetus of Church politics (Bell, op. cit., p. 1356; Lockhart, op. cit., p. 300).

104. Bishop of Durham, , P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 114.Google Scholar

105. Guy Rogers concluded that his “unreliability” on Revision earned him a “black mark” with Lang; Guy Rogers, op. cit., pp. 162-3.

106. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 104.Google Scholar

107. SirRoberts, S., H. C. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 218, col. 1029.Google Scholar

108. Higginson, J. H., P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 165.Google Scholar

109. Cf. Archbishop of Canterbury, Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, p. 73.

110. Note the tendency of minorities to fall as the rank of the voters increases, in the two votes of Convocation in March, 1927, and March, 1928. These figures point to a distinct tendency for higher ranking clergy in Convocation to support the Bishops, more than the lower clergy.

The minorities are expressed as a percentage of the vote of each class. Figures from Chr. C., 1927, no. 1, pp. 164f.; 1928, no. 1, pp. 128f.

111. In this period, figures on the electoral rolls ware always considerably in excess of the number of Easter Communicants; cf. Facts and Figures about the Church of England (London, 1962)Google Scholar, tables 65 and 66. In reality the figures were very inflated, and the total votes cast in any one poll was minute. The population of Durham diocese was approximately 1,500,000; 156,000 electors were registered; 8,800 attended annual meetings in 1927, and elected 7,000 representatives, i.e. themselves. H. L. Deb., Fifth Series, vol. 69, pp. 803, 961.Google Scholar

112. Lockhart, op. cit., pp. 302-03.

113. The total votes of both Convocations in 1927 and 1928 were 268-36, and 205-73; of the Assembly, 517-431, and 396-153.

114. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 127.Google Scholar

115. P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 158.Google Scholar

116. Bell, op. cit., p. 399.

117. Y.J.C., 05-07, 1919, p. 156.Google Scholar

118. Earl, of Selborne, P.C.A., vol. 8, no. 2, p. 116.Google Scholar

119. Bishop of Exeter, Chr. C., 1928, no. 2, p. 155.

120. Lockhart, op. cit., p. 304.

121. Dark, op. cit., p. 234.

122. Lockhart, op. cit., p. 307.

123. The Bishops' efforts at clarification meant that “former adherents had become active opponents, and former opponents were still as keen as ever,” claimed SirHaslam, John (P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 96).Google Scholar Lockhart comments, “The Church was told that the changes were unimportant, the House of Commons that they were serious enough to warrant a reversal of its previous verdict. Neither took the assurance in good part” (op. cit., p. 308).

124. Chr. C., 1929, no. 2, pp. 14-15.

125. Chr. C., 1929, no. 2, p. 39.

126. The main objections were: (i) How could a document rejected by Parliament be a doctrinal test in the Church of England? (ii) How could the Bishops, flouting the law of the land, impose law on the lawless? (iii) How could the Bishops accept practices falling within the scope of the 1928 Book, yet reject other practices no more and no less lawless? (iv) How could the Bishops appeal to the synodical authority of the 1928 Book when the 1927 Book received greater support in the Church courts? Even Sir Lewis Dibdin described the course eventually adopted by the Bishops as “wholly improper” (A Christian State, London, 1929, p. 5).Google Scholar

127. Bishop, of Winchester, P.C.A., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 70.Google Scholar

128. P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 115-16.Google Scholar

129. Simpson, P. Carnegie, Recollections (London, 1943), pp. 9091Google ScholarPubMed; cf. Bell, H. C., Y.J.C., 07, 1928, p. 72.Google Scholar

130. P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 3, p. 114.Google Scholar

131. P.C.A., vol. 9, no. 3, p. 115.Google Scholar

132. Archbishop, of Canterbury, P.C.A., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 420-21.Google Scholar

133. Lockhart, op. cit., pp. 340, 377; Iremonger, op. cit., p. 357.