1. Holifield, E. Brooks, The Gentlemen Theologians: American Theology in Southern Culture, 1795–1865 (Durham, N.C., 1978), pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

2. Ahlstrom, Sydney E., ed. “Theology in America: A Historical Survey,” in The Shaping of American Religion, ed. Smith, James Ward and Jamison, A. Leland (Princeton, N.J., 1961), p. 299.Google Scholar Major studies of DuBose's, theology include: Kezar, Dennis Dean, “Many Sons to the Father's Glory” (Ph.D. diss., Oxford University, 1974);Google ScholarWilliams, Theodore M., “Logos and Humanity in the Thought of William Porcher DuBose” (Ph.D. diss., Emory University, 1974);Google ScholarAhlstrom, , “Theology in America,” pp. 298–303;Google ScholarPittenger, W. Norman, “The Significance of DuBose's Theology,” in DuBose, William Porcher, Unity in the Faith (Greenwich, Conn., 1957), pp. 21–31;Google ScholarManning, William T., “Introduction,” in The Word Was Made Flesh: The Theology of William Porcher DuBose, by Marshall, John (Sewanee, Tenn., 1949);Google ScholarBratton, Theodore DuBose, An Apostle of Reality: The Life and Thought of the Reverend William Porcher DuBose (New York, 1936);Google Scholar and Murray, John Owen Farquhar, DuBose as a Prophet of Unity (London, 1942)Google Scholar.

3. In addition to Bishop Manning, DuBose was the mentor of several important southern bishops who had come to office by the time of his retirement in 1908: Theodore DuBose Bratton of Mississippi, Thomas F. Gailor of Tennessee, and William A. Guerry of South Carolina.

4. I have written about Miles, in Luker, , “God, Man, and the World of James Warley Miles, Charleston's Transcendentalist,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 39 (06 1970): 101–136.Google Scholar Also see Holifield, , Gentlemen Theologians, pp. 66–71.Google Scholar On Murphy, see Bailey, Hugh C., Edgar Gardner Murphy: Gentle Progressive (Coral Gables, Fla., 1968);Google ScholarGoing, Allen J., “The Reverend Edgar Gardner Murphy: His Ideas and Influence,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 25 (12 1956): 391–402;Google Scholar and Levine, Daniel, “Reform and the Elite: Edgar Gardner Murphy,” in Varieties of Reform Thought (Madison, Wis., 1964), pp. 78–94.Google Scholar On Manning, see Seabrook, John, “William Thomas Manning: A Study of Christian Unity,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 34 (06 1965): 147–170;Google Scholar and idem, “Bishop Manning and World War I,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 36 (12 1967): 301–321.Google Scholar

5. Miles, James Warley, Farewell Sermon (Charleston, S.C., 1843), pp. 3,Google Scholar 11. Also see Luker, , “God, Man, and the World of James Warley Miles,” pp. 101–106.Google Scholar

6. These conclusions are based, not upon Miles's direct testimony to this effect, but upon a comparison of his attitudes before and after his experience abroad and a reading of the published reflections of his contemporaries. See, for instance, Benjamin, Samuel Greene Wheeler, The Turk and the Greek; or, Creeds, Races, Society and Scenery in Turkey, Greece, and the Islés of Greece (New York, 1867);Google ScholarDurbin, John P., Observations in the East: Chiefly in Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor, 2 vols. (New York, 1945);Google ScholarMacFarlane, Charles, Esq., Turkey and Its Destiny: The Result of Journeys Made in 1847 and 1848 to Examine into the State of that Country, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1850);Google ScholarSouthgate, Horatio, Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia … (New York, 1840);Google Scholar and idem, Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia … (New York, 1944).Google Scholar On the mission itself see Bridgeman, Charles T., “Mediterranean Missions of the Episcopal Church from 1828–1898,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 31 (06 1962): 95–126.Google Scholar

7. Miles, James Warley, Philosophic Theology; or Ultimate Grounds of All Religious Belief Based in Reason (Charleston, S.C., 1849)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a partial bibliography of the articles see Williams, George Walton, The Reverend James Warley Miles (Charleston, S.C., 1954), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

8. Miles, , Philosophic Theology, pp. 13, 75.Google Scholar

9. The pattern was developed and took mature form in his book and in a series of articles and addresses: Miles, , “The Danger and Safety of the Republic,” Southern Quarterly Review 14 (07 1848): 168–169;Google ScholarMiles, , Philosophic Theology, pp. 102–103;Google ScholarMiles, , Annual Oration: Delivered Before the Chrestomathic Society of the College of Charleston, 02 22, 1850 (Charleston, S.C., 1850), pp. 16–23;Google ScholarMiles, , Discourse, Delivered Before the Graduating Class of the College of Charleston, at their Request, In the College Chapel, February 23rd, 1851 (Charleston, S.C., 1851), pp. 5–8;Google ScholarMiles, , The Ground of Morals: A Discourse Delivered Before the Graduating Class of the College of Charleston, at their Request, In the College Chapel, March 28th, 1852 (Charleston, S.C., 1852), pp. 9–11, 13, 16–36;Google Scholar and Miles, , The Student of Philology: Annual Oration delivered before the Literary Societies of the South Carolina College, in the College Chapel, Columbia, December 7th, 1852 (Charleston, S.C., 1953), pp. 8–10.Google Scholar

10. Miles, , “Union of Church and State,” Southern Quarterly Review 15 (07 1849): 319–325,Google Scholar 333n.; and Miles, , The Discourse on the Occasion of the Funeral of The Honorable John C. Calhoun: Delivered Under the Appointment of the Joint Committee of the City Council and the Citizens of Charleston, in St. Phillip's Church, April 26th, 1850 (Charleston, S.C., 1850), pp. 14–19.Google Scholar

11. On Miles's racial thought and apology for slavery, see Miles, , Philosophic Theology, pp. 230–231;Google ScholarMiles, , “Lieber, Nordheimer, and Donaldson, On the Philosophy of Language,” Southern Quarterly Review 20 (10 1951): 392–393, 403–404, 527;Google ScholarMiles, , Student of Philology, pp. 18–30, 48–49;Google Scholar and Miles, , The Relation Between the Races At the South (Charleston, S.C., 1861).Google Scholar In his letters to Mrs. Thomas John Young, Miles would periodically return to this theme, attempting each time to find just the right words for expressing it. See, for instance: Miles, James Warley to Mrs. Thomas John Young, 23 07 1864;Google Scholar 24 July 1864; 12 August 1864; [ca. 1864]; and 6 February 1865; James Warley Miles Papers, Manuscript Division, Duke University Library, Durham, N.C. On the antebellum debate on racial origins, see Stanton, William, The Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America, 1815–1859 (Chicago, 1960).Google Scholar

12. DuBose refers to James Miles's mother, Sarah, as “mother of the Gracchi.” I have been able to document DuBose's intimate acquaintance with Miles's brothers, William, Edward, and Charles (DuBose and Edward Miles were married to double first cousins); the friendship of his aunt Betsy Porcher with Miles's sister, Anne; and the immediate influence of Miles upon DuBose's uncle (only seven years his elder), Octavius Theodore Porcher. See DuBose, “Reminiscences, 1836–1878,” typescript copy, Southern Historical Collection, of nineteenth-century Anglican thought and of his own thinking may be simply coincidental, it is more likely a manifestation of DuBose's inclination to characterize historical developments in terms of a Hegelian dialectic. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, p. 149; Octavius Theodore Porcher, [25 May] 1851, Octavius Theodore Porcher Papers, South Caroliniana Room, University of South Carolina, Columbia; Theodore S. DuBose to William Porcher Miles, 10 January 1862; Wilmot de Sausseure to W. P. Miles, 21 September 1870; W. P. Miles Diary, 15 October 1876; W. P. DuBose to W. P. Miles, 19 and 25 October 1876, William Porcher Miles Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Bratton, , Apostle of Reality, pp. 83–84.Google Scholar

13. Miles, , Relations Between the Races and Miles, God in History: A Discourse delivered before the Graduating Class of the College of Charleston on Sunday Evening, March 29th, 1863 (Charleston, S.C., 1863).Google Scholar

14. See DuBose, , “Reminiscences, 1836–1878,” p. 134,Google Scholar and DuBose, , Turning Points in My Life (New York, 1912), pp. 49–50.Google Scholar

15. George Boggan Myers, “The Sage and Seer of Sewanee,” in DuBose, , Unity in the Faith, p. 19.Google Scholar

16. DuBose, , Turning Points, p. 16.Google Scholar George Boggan Myers incorrectly interpreted the three phases as “Evangelical, Broad Church and High Church”; Myers, , “Sage and Seer of Sewanee,” p. 16.Google Scholar Had he reversed the last two terms, Myers would have been more faithful to DuBose's own interpretation of the direction his thinking took. An article by DuBose foreshadowed his interpretation of his career by seeing the same pattern develop in the nineteenth-century Church of England. See DuBose, William Porcher, “The Late Course of Religious Thought,” in Matthew Arnold and the Spirit of the Age, ed. White, Greenough, (New York, 1898), pp. 44–50.Google Scholar Although the similarity between DuBose's interpreta.

17. DuBose, , Turning Points, pp. 54–55;Google Scholar and Bratton, , Apostle of Reality, p. 106.Google Scholar See also DuBose, , Turning Points, pp. 52, 61–62;Google Scholar and Bratton, , Apostle of Reality, pp. 104–107.Google Scholar A key early document, often overlooked in DuBose studies, is DuBose, , The Christian Ministry: A Sermon Preached at the Ordination of Rev. O. T. Porcher, Abbeville, S.C., May 15th, 1870 (Charleston, S.C., 1870).Google Scholar

18. DuBose, , The Soteriology of the New Testament (New York, 1892);Google Scholar and idem, The Ecumenical Councils (New York, 1896).Google Scholar

19. DuBose, William Porcher, “Wade Hampton,” Sewanee Review 10 (07 1902): 368.Google Scholar See also DuBose to Mrs. Joseph A. Huger, 5 March 1898, Habersham Elliott Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and DuBose, , The Reason of Life (New York, 1911), pp. 36–37.Google Scholar

20. DuBose, , The Gospel in the Gospels (New York, 1906);Google Scholaridem, The Gospel According to St. Paul (New York, 1907);Google Scholaridem, High Priesthood and Sacrifice (New York, 1908);Google Scholaridem, Reason of Life; and idem, Turning Points. The series of essays, originally appearing in Silas McBee's Constructive Quarterly, were published posthumously as DuBose, Unity in the Faith.

21. DuBose, , Gospel in the Gospels, pp. 3–7.Google Scholar Also see DuBose to Silas McBee, 26 July 1901; 5 August 1901; 21 August 1901; 27 August 1901; and McBee to DuBose, 26 August 1903, Silas McBee Papers, Jesse Ball DuPont Library, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee.

22. The literature on this problem is voluminous. Particularly useful to me have been Moberly, Robert Campbell, Atonement and Personality (London, 1901);Google ScholarMozley, John Kenneth, The Doctrine of the Atonement (New York, 1916);Google ScholarMackintosh, Robert, Historic Theories of the Atonement (London, 1920);Google ScholarLawton, John Stewart, Conflict in Christology: A Study of British and American Christology, from 1889–1914 (London, 1947);Google Scholar and Hendrey, George S., The Gospel of the Incarnation (Philadelphia, 1958).Google Scholar

23. See, for instance, Sosna, Morton, In Search of the Silent South: Southern Liberals and the Race Issue (New York, 1977);Google Scholar and Bailey, Edgar Gardner Murphy. A perceptive reading of Murphy's social elitism is Daniel Levine's “Reform and the Elite,” pp. 78–94.

24. Bailey, , Edgar Gardner Murphy, pp. 1–4.Google Scholar By their own testimony, DuBose made a remarkable impression upon his students. See, for example, Tucker, Louis, Clerical Errors (New York, 1943), p. 68;Google ScholarGuthrie, William Norman, “The Doctor, As I Knew Him,” The Churchman 150 (15 12 1936): 16–17;Google Scholar and Percy, William Alexander, Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son (Baton Rouge, La., 1973), p. 93.Google Scholar For DuBose's appreciation of Murphy, see W. P. DuBose to Silas McBee, 23 January 1893, McBee Papers, Sewanee; and DuBose, W. P., “Edgar Gardner Murphy: An Appreciation,” Sewanee Review 22 (10 1914), pp. 494–497.Google Scholar

25. Bailey, , Edgar Gardner Murphy, pp. 4–20.Google Scholar

26. See, for instance, Murphy, Edgar Gardner, The Larger Life: Sermons and an Essay (New York, 1897), pp. 86–88, 167, 191–209, 225;Google Scholar and idem, Words for the Church (New York, 1897), pp. 24–25, 44, 73–75.Google Scholar

27. Murphy, , Larger Life, p. 183.Google Scholar See his “Self-Fulfillment,” Homiletic Review 26 (10 1893): 328–331,Google Scholar in which Murphy writes of the olive tree and the fig tree in much the same way DuBose would speak of oil and water.

28. Murphy, , Larger Life, pp. 11–13, 24–25, 45, 49–50, 59–60, 62, 75, 88, 112, 125–127, 129–130, 149, 151, 153–154, 158–161;Google Scholar and idem, Wordsfor the Church pp. 1–2.

29. See, for instance, Murphy, , The White Man and the Negro at the South (n.p., n.d.) pp. 1945–46;Google Scholaridem, The Task of the South: An Address Before the Faculty and Students of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, December 10th A.D., 1902 (n.p., n.d.); and idem, Problems of the Present South: A Discussion of Certain of the Educational, Industrial and Political Issues in the Southern States (New York, 1904), pp. 34–37, 63–64.Google Scholar

30. See Race Problems of the South: Report of the Proceedings of the First Annual Conference Held under the Auspices of the Southern Society for the Promotion of the Study of Race Conditions and Problems in the South At Montgomery, Alabama, May 8, 9, 10, A.D. 1900 (Richmond, 1900)Google Scholar; Murphy, , White Man and the Negro, pp. 21, 27–36, 43;Google Scholar and Murphy, , “Shall the Fourteenth Amendment Be Enforced?” North American Review 180 (01 1905): 109–133.Google Scholar

31. Murphy, , Problems of the Present South, pp. 105–124, 129, 131–136, 139, 141–144, 148–149;Google Scholar and Murphy, , Child Labor in Alabama: The Nichols-Sears-Murphy Correspondence (Montgomery, 1902), pp. 4–5, 13–15, 17, 19, 28–37.Google Scholar

32. Bailey, , Edgar Gardner Murphy, pp. 86–108.Google Scholar Also see Davidson, Elizabeth H., Child Labor Legislation in the Southern Textile States (Chapel Hill, 1939)Google Scholar; and Trattner, Walter I., Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America (Chicago, 1970)Google Scholar.

33. Murphy, , Task of the South, pp. 15, 17–45;Google Scholar and Murphy, , Problems of the Present South, pp. 31–33, 37–40, 42–48, 54, 56, 64–79, 90–92.Google Scholar See also Harlan, Louis R., Separate and Unequal: Public School Campaigns and Racism in the Southern Seaboard States, 1901–1915 (New York, 1968), pp. 9–13, 75–89.Google Scholar

34. Murphy, , Task of the South, pp. 43–48;Google ScholarMurphy, , Problems of the Present South, pp. 41–42, 232–246;Google Scholar and Murphy, , Alabama's First Question (Montgomery, 1904), p. 6.Google Scholar

35. Murphy, , Problems of the Present South, pp. 48–50, 264–288.Google Scholar

36. Murphy, , The Basis of Ascendancy: A Discussion of Certain Principles of Public Policy involved in the Development of the Southern States (New York, 1909), p. 30.Google Scholar Also see ibid., pp. xxii, 30–34.

37. Ibid., pp. 77–81. For my understanding of racism, see Luker, , “The Social Gospel and the Failure of Racial Reform, 1877–1898,” Church History 46 (03 1977): 87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

38. Murphy, , Basis of Ascendancy, pp. 222, 223.Google Scholar

39. Quoted in Bailey, , Edgar Gardner Murphy, p. 199.Google Scholar

40. W. P. DuBose to Silas McBee, 7 March 1908; also see W. P. DuBose to Silas McBee, 23 January 1893, McBee Papers, Sewanee. Much of the Silas McBee Papers in the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, relates to McBee's efforts to promote DuBose's books and ideas.

41. James Bryce to Silas McBee, 16 June 1911, McBee Papers, Chapel Hill; Sanday, William, The Life of Christ in Recent Research (New York, 1908), pp. 259, 281–282;Google Scholar William Sanday to Silas McBee, 18 May 1911, McBee Papers, Chapel Hill.

42. McBee, Silas, An Eirenic Itinerary: Impressions of Our Tour with Addresses and Papers on the Unity of Christian Churches (New York, 1911);Google Scholar see especially pp. ix-x, xii, xiv, and 19.

43. McBee, Silas, “Introduction,” Constructive Quarterly 1 (03 1913): 1.Google Scholar The initial editorial board included thirteen Americans from various denominations, eleven English churchmen, five Germans, and five Russians. It would eventually include representatives from Scandinavia, North Africa, India, and China. Among the leading members of the board and contributors to the journal were DuBose, William Adams Brown, Francis J. McConnell, Shailer Mathews, Arthur James Balfour, James Denney, William Ralph Inge, William Sanday, William Temple, Adolph Deissmann, Friedrich Loofs, Nicholas Glubakovsky, and Nathan Soderblom. A committee of Roman Catholic cooperators with the journal included Pierre Batiffol and Wilfred Ward.

44. DuBose's essays were posthumously published together as Unity in the Faith.

45. Hutchison, William R., The Modernist Impulse in American Protestantism (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), p. 2.Google Scholar