¹ Eg, Leonardi, Claudio, “Gregorio Magno e l'invenzione del Medioevo,” in Gregorio Magno e l'invenzione del Medioevo, ed. Giovanni, LuigiRicci, Giuseppe (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2006), 3–10Google Scholar.

² Leyser, Conrad, “Late Antiquity in the Medieval West,” in A Companion to Late Antiquity, ed. Rousseau, Philip (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2009), 39–41Google Scholar, a brief but incisive exploration of the epithet.

³ Conrad Leyser, “The Memory of Gregory the Great and the Making of Latin Europe, 700–1000,” University of Oxford History Working Paper 7 (2013): 1–18, http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eab52f34-098a-4df7-bc9a-9c4807f2d70d.

⁴ Erll, Astrid, Memory in Culture, trans. Young, S. (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011), 167Google Scholar, 168.

⁵ Hobsbawm, Eric, “Introduction: Inventing Traditions,” in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 1–14Google Scholar.

⁶ Sahlins, Marshall, “Two or Three Things That I Know about Culture,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 5 (1999): 409Google Scholar. On tradition more generally, see Engler, Steven, “Tradition,” in The Brill Dictionary of Religion, vol. 4, ed. von Stuckrad, Kocku (Leiden: Brill, 2007) 1907–1911Google Scholar.

⁷ Assmann, Jan, Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination (New York: Cambridge University Press 2011), 76–78Google Scholar; and Assmann, Jan, Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies, trans. Livingstone, R. (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007), 1–30Google Scholar.

⁸ Saxer, Victor, “L'utilisation par la liturgie de l'espace urbain et suburbain: l'exemple de Rome dans l'Antiquité et le Haut Moyen Âge,” in Actes du XIe Congrès international d'archéologie chrétienne: Lyon, Vienne, Grenoble, Genéve et Aoste, vol. 2, ed. Duval, Noël, Baritel, François, and Pergola, Philippe (Rome: Ecole française de Rome, 1989), 963Google Scholar, suggests a Lenten procession. For more detail on the processions, see Latham, Jacob A., “The Making of a Papal Rome: Gregory I and the letania septiformis,” in The Power of Religion in Late Antiquity, eds. Lenski, Noel and Cain, Andrew (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2009), 293–304Google Scholar; Barone, Giula, “Gregorio Magno e la vita religiosa della Roma del suo tempo” in Scritti per Isa: Raccolta di studi offerti a Isa Lori Sanfilippo, ed. Mazzon, Antonella (Rome: Istituto storico italiano per Medio Evo, 2008), 19–25Google Scholar; and Andrews, Margaret, “The Laetaniae Septiformes of Gregory I, S. Maria Maggiore and Early Marian Cult in Rome,” in The Moving City: Processions, Passages and Promenades in Ancient Rome, ed. Östenberg, Ida, Malmberg, Simon, and Bjørnebye, Jonas (New York: Bloomsbury, forthcoming 2015)Google Scholar. On the flood, see Squatriti, Paolo, “The Floods of 589 and Climate Change at the Beginning of the Middle Ages: An Italian Microhistory,” Speculum 85 (2010): 799–826Google Scholar.

⁹ Gregory of Tours, Historiarum libri X, 2nd edition, eds. Krusch, Bruno and Levison, Wilhelm, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, vol. 1.1 (Hanover: Hahn, 1951)Google Scholar, 10.1: Clerus igitur egrediatur ab eclesia sanctorum martyrum Cosmae et Damiani cum praesbyteris regionis sextae. Omnes vero abbatis cum monachis suis ab eclesia sanctorum martyrum Protasi et Gervasi cum praesbyteris regionis quartae. Omnes abbatissae cum congregationibus suis egrediantur ab eclesia sanctorum martyrum Marcellini et Petri cum praesbyteris regionis primae. Omnes infantes ab eclesia sanctorum martyrum Iohannis et Pauli cum praesbyteris regionis secundae. Omnes vero laici ab eclesia sancti protomartyris Stephani cum praesbyteris regionis septimae. Omnes mulieres viduae ab eclesia sanctae Eufimiae cum praesbyteris regionis quintae. Omnes autem mulieres coniugatae egrediantur ab eclesia sancti martyris Clementis cum praesbyteris regionis tertiae, ut, de singulis eclesiis exeuntes cum praecibus ac lacrimis, ad beatae Mariae semper virginis genetricis domini nostri Iesu Christi basilicam congregemur, ut, ibi diutius cum fletu ac gemitu Domino supplicantes, peccatorum nostrorum veniam promerire valeamus.

¹⁰ , Gregory I, S. Gregorii Magni Registrum epistularum, 2 vols, ed. Norberg, Dag (Turnhout: Brepols, 1982)Google Scholar, Appendix IX, 46–55: Sequitur: Letania clericorum exeat ab ecclesia sancti Iohannis baptistae, letania uirorum ab ecclesia sancti martyris Marcelli, letania monachorum ab ecclesia beatorum martyrum Iohannis et Pauli, letania ancillarum Dei ab ecclesia beatorum martyrum Cosmae et Damiani, letania feminarum coniugatarum ab ecclesia beati primi martyris Stephani, letania uiduarum ab ecclesia beati martyris Vitalis, letania pauperum et infantium ab ecclesia beatae martyris Ceciliae. Fecit et in basilica sanctae Sauinae sub die IIII Kalendarum Septembrium indictione sexta.

¹¹ Saxer, “L'utilisation par la liturgie de l'espace,” 963, on the date; and Barone, “Gregorio Magno e la vita religiosa,” on the possible clerical demotion.

¹² Ermini, Letizia Pani, “La Roma di Gregorio Magno,” in L'Orbis christianus antiquus di Gregorio Magno: convegno di studi Roma, vol. 1, ed. Ermini, Letizia Pani (Rome: Presso la Società alla Biblioteca vallicelliana, 2007), 19–47Google Scholar, and figs. 1 and 2 (maps of the processions). See also Andrews, “The Laetaniae Septiformes of Gregory I,” on S. Maria Maggiore as the destination.

¹³ See esp. Llewellyn, P. A. B., “The Roman Church in the Seventh Century: The Legacy of Gregory I,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25 (1974): 363–380Google Scholar; Leyser, Conrad, Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 143–150Google Scholar, on Gregory's isolation; and Leyser, Conrad, “The Temptations of Cult: Roman Martyr Piety in the Age of Gregory the Great,” Early Medieval Europe 9 (2000): 289–307Google Scholar, on the competition between Gregory and Rome's deacons and priests.

¹⁴ Sanders, Gabriel, “L'épitaphe de Grégoire le Grand: banalité ou message,” in Gregorio Magno e il suo tempo: XIX Incontro di studiosi dell'antichità cristiana in collaborazione con l'École française de Rome, vol. 1 (Rome: Institutum Patristicum “Augustinianum,” 1991), 251–281Google Scholar. Jounel, Both Pierre, “Le culte de Saint Grégoire le Grand,” in Grégoire le Grand, eds. Fontaine, Jacques, Gillet, Robert, and Pellistrandi, Stan (Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1986), 671–680Google Scholar; and Godding, Robert, “Culto di Gregorio Magno,” in Enciclopedia Gregoriana: La vita, l'opera e la fortuna di Gregorio Magno, ed. Cremascoli, Giuseppe and Antonella Degl'Innocenti (Florence: Sismel, Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2008), 80–82Google Scholar, consider the tomb and its epitaph as Gregory's first cult site.

¹⁵ Liber Pontificalis, 2nd ed., 3 vols, eds. Duchesne, Louis and Vogel, Cyrille (Paris: E. de Boccard, 1955–1957)Google Scholar, vita 66. Hereafter cited as LP with vita and chapter number.

¹⁶ Thacker, Alan, “Memorializing Gregory the Great: The Origin and Transmission of a Papal Cult in the Seventh and Early Eighth Centuries,” Early Medieval Europe 7 (1998): 59Google Scholar. For what follows, see also Jounel, “Le culte de Saint Grégoire”; Godding, “Culto di Gregorio”; and Mews, Constant J. and Renkin, Claire, “The Legacy of Gregory the Great in the Latin West,” in A Companion to Gregory the Great, eds. Neil, Bronwen and Santo, Matthew Dal (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 315–346Google Scholar.

¹⁷ For Spain: Ann Kuzdale, “The Dialogues of Pope Gregory the Great in the Literary and Religious Culture of Seventh- and Eighth-Century Europe” (PhD diss., University of Toronto, 1995), 79–113; France: Judic, Bruno, “À propos de la messe de saint Grégoire,” in L'usage du passé entre Antiquité tardive et haut Moyen Âge: Hommage à Brigitte Beaujard, eds. Sotinel, Claire and Sartre, Maurice (Rennes: Presses Universitaires Rennes, 2008), 77–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar; England: Mews, Constant J., “Gregory the Great, the Rule of Benedict and Roman Liturgy,” Journal of Medieval History 37 (2011): 132–134CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Dales, Douglas, “‘Apostle of the English’: Anglo-Saxon Perceptions of St Gregory the Great,” in L'ereditá spirituale di Gregorio Magno tra Occidente e Oriente: Atti del simposio internazionale “Gregorio Magno 604-2004” Roma, ed. Gargano, Guido Innocenzo (Verona: Gabrielli Editori, 2005), 293–306Google Scholar; northern Europe: Bremmer, R., Dekker, K., and Johnson, D., eds., Rome and the North (Paris: Peeters, 2001)Google Scholar; and see also the essays in Neil and Dal Santo, eds., A Companion to Gregory the Great, 315-386 for a general consideration.

¹⁸ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 4.69 (Patrologia Latina [hereafter PL] 75 cols. 221D-222B), on which Lucia Castaldi, “L'Archivum Lateranense e la transmissione delle opere di Gregorio Magno,” in Ricci (ed.), Gregorio Magno e l'invenzione del Medioevo, 67–68.

¹⁹ Gregory I, Epistula 5.1: quia ego nullomodo patior loca sacra ut per clericorum ambitum destruantur, on which see Mews, “Gregory the Great, the Rule of Benedict,” 127–129.

²⁰ On Gregory's apocalypticism, see Leyser, Authority and Asceticism, 150–159.

²¹ LP 67.2: Hic ecclesiam de clero implevit.

²² Anonymous Whitby, Vita Gregorii 28: pede suo percussit in caput. Cuius dolore percussionis in paucis diebus / defunctus est in The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great, By an Anonymous Monk of Whitby: Text, translation & notes by Bertram Colgrave (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1968), on which see Llewellyn, “The Roman Church,” and Thacker, “Memorializing Gregory the Great,” 62. See Gajano, Sofia Boesch, “La memoria della santità: Gregorio Magno autore e oggetto di scritture agiografiche,” in Gregorio Magno, nel XIV centenario della morte (Rome: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, 2004), 337Google Scholar for clerical revenge.

²³ LP 68.1.

²⁴ LP 70.1: Hic clerum multum dilexit, sacerdotes et clerum ad loca pristine revocavit, trans. Davis, R., The Book of Pontiffs (Liber pontificalis), 2nd edition (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000)Google Scholar.

²⁵ LP 71.3 (Boniface): Hic demisit omni clero pro obsequias suas rogam unam integram (trans. Davis, Book of Pontiffs), 73.5 (Severinus): Hic delixit clerum et omnibus donum augmentavit (trans. Davis, Book of Pontiffs), 74.3, 81.18, 84.5, and 85.5.

²⁶ LP 83.5: Clerum videlicet diversis ordinibus in diem sanctum Paschae honoribus ampliavit, trans. Davis, Book of Pontiffs.

²⁷ LP 72.1: Hic temporibus suis multa bona fecit. Hic erudivit clerum.

²⁸ Notitia ecclesiarum urbis Romae in Codice topografico della città di Roma, vol. 2, eds. Valentini, R. and Zucchetti, G. (Rome: Tipografia del Senato, 1940–53)Google Scholar, 98: ad Gregorii lectum, patris sancti (see also 99, ad corpus sancti patris Gregori), on which see Birch, Debra, Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages: Continuity and Change (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1998), 12–13Google Scholar.

²⁹ LP 69.3: Hic domum suam monasterium fecit, quem et ditavit, trans. Davis, Book of Pontiffs.

³⁰ LP 79.4.

³¹ See apposite remarks by Costambeys, Marios and Leyser, Conrad, “To be the neighbour of St Stephen: patronage, martyr cult, and Roman monasteries, c. 600-c. 900,” in Religion, Dynasty, and Patronage in Early Christian Rome, 300-900, eds. Cooper, Kate and Hillner, Julia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 262–287CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 264–270.

³² Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 3.29.

³³ On the development of papal ceremony, see Baldovin, John F., The Urban Character of Christian Worship: The Origins, Development, and Meaning of Stational Liturgy (Rome: Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium, 1987), 104–166Google Scholar; Saxer, “L'utilisation par la liturgie de l'espace”; de Blaauw, Sible, Cultus et decor: liturgia e architettura nella Roma tardoantica e medievale: Basilica Salvatoris, Sanctae Mariae, Sancti Petri, 2 vols. (Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1994)Google Scholar; Noble, Thomas F. X., “Topography, Celebration, and Power: the making of a papal Rome in the eighth and ninth centuries,” in Topographies of power in the early Middle Ages, ed. de Jong, Mayke, Theuws, Frans, and van Rhijn, Carine (Leiden: Brill, 2001), 83–91Google Scholar; and Romano, John F., “The Fates of Liturgies: Towards a History of the First Roman Ordo,” Antiphon 11 (2007): 43–77Google Scholar.

³⁴ Deschusses, Jean, ed., Le sacramentaire grégorien: ses principales formes d'après les plus anciens manuscrits, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Fribourg: Editions universitaires, 1971–1982)Google Scholar, 85: Hic sacramentorum . . . a sancto Gregorio papa romano editum. Ex authentico libro bibliothecae cubiculi scriptum, and 127 #30: the mass. On Gregorian sacramentary, see Vogel, Cyrille, Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction to the Sources, trans. Storey, William G. and Rasmussen, Niels Krogh (Washington, D.C.: Pastoral Press, 1986), 80–82Google Scholar, 99; Metzger, Marcel, Les Sacramentaires (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994), 59–65Google Scholar, 79–80; and Palazzo, Éric, A History of Liturgical Books from the Beginning to the Thirteenth Century, trans. Beaumont, Madeleine (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1998), 50Google Scholar. On the addition of the mass, Judic, “À propos de la messe de saint Grégoire.” For a different slant on Gregory and the liturgy, see Mews, “Gregory the Great, the Rule of Benedict,” 134–138.

³⁵ Jounel, “Le culte de Saint Grégoire”; and Godding, “Culto di Gregorio.”

³⁶ LP 98.35: fecit vestem albam olosiricam cum tabulis de chrisoclavo et cruce, trans. Davis, Raymond, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber pontificalis): The Ancient Biographies of Nine Popes from AD 715 to AD 817 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1992)Google Scholar.

³⁷ LP 98.84: Necnon investivit altarem beati Gregorii confessoris atque pontificis ex argento deaurato pens. undique lib. CXXVII, trans. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes.

³⁸ LP 103.6: Et quoniam tunc divino ignis amore succensus corpus beati Gregorii huius universalis ecclesiae praesulis, per quem sancti Spiritus gratia toto orbe terrarum inextinguibili sapientiae munus induxit, ex loco sepultus quo prius fuerat tulit, et non longe ab eo in alium noviter constructum infra ecclesiam beati Petri apostoli summo honore perduxit, eiusque sacrum altare argenteis tabulis undique perornavit, et oratorium suo sancto nomine titulavit, absidamque eius desuper aurato musibo depinxit, trans. Davis, Raymond, The Lives of the Ninth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis): The Ancient Biographies of Ten Popes from A.D. 817–891 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995)Google Scholar.

³⁹ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 4.80 (PL 75 col. 228). On dating the vita, see Devos, Paul, “Le mystérieux episode final de la Vita Gregorii de Jean Diacre: Formose et sa fuite de Rome,” Analecta Bollandiana 82 (1964): 355–81Google Scholar. On the vigil of Gregory, see Boesch Gajano, “La memoria della santità,” 342–47.

⁴⁰ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 4.63 (PL 75 col. 213C): de magno Gregorio beatissimo papa romano, on which see Leyser, “Late Antiquity in the Medieval West”; and Leyser, Conrad, “The Memory of Pope Gregory the Great in the Ninth Century: A Redating of the Interpolator's Vita Gregorii (BHL 3640),” in Gregorio Magno e le origini dell'Europa, Atti Del Convegno Internazionale, Firenze, ed. Santo, F. (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2014)Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Richards, Jeffrey, Consul of God: The Life and Times of Gregory the Great (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980), 259–266Google Scholar; and for letters as canon law, see Jasper, Detlev and Fuhrmann, Horst, Papal Letters in the Early Middle Ages (Washington D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2001), 73–80Google Scholar.

⁴² See eg, Gajano, Sofia Boesch, Gregorio Magno: Alle origini del Medioevo (Rome: Viella, 2004), 139–147Google Scholar, who uses the 603-iteration to begin a consideration of Gregory's legacy.

⁴³ Pope, Gregory I, Gregorii I Papae Registrum Epistularum, vol. 2.2, ed. Ewald, P. and Hartmann, L. (Berlin, 1887–1899), 365–367Google Scholar; Gregory I, Pope, S. Gregorii Magni Registrum Epistularum, vol. 1, ed. Norberg, vi–vii and 2:1102; Pope, Gregory I, Registre des Lettres Tome 1 (Livres I et II), trans. Minard, P. (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1991), 58–59Google Scholar; and Pope, Gregory I, Lettere, 4 vols, trans. Recchia, V. (Rome: Città nuova: Bibliotheca Gregorii Magni, 1996–1999)Google Scholar, 1.10 and 4.364-369. On the Lateran archive, see Castaldi, “L'Archivum Lateranense.”

⁴⁴ Leyser, “Memory of Gregory and Latin Europe,” 1.

⁴⁵ On collections of Gregory's letters, see Jasper and Fuhrmann, Papal Letters in the Early Middle Ages, 71–81; Judic, Bruno, “La production et la diffusion du registre des lettres de Grégoire le Grand,” in Les échanges culturels au moyen âge: XXXIIe Congrès de la SHMES (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002), 76–78Google Scholar; Castaldi, Lucia, “Il Registrum Epistolarum di Gregorio Magno,” Filologia mediolatina 11 (2004): 55–97Google Scholar; Patrucco, Marcella Forlin, “Registrum Epistularum,” in Scrittura e storia: per una lettura delle opere di Gregorio Magno, ed. Castaldi, Lucia (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2005),Google Scholar and Forlin Patrucco, “Registrum Epistularum” in Enciclopedia Gregoriana, 292–295; and Castaldi, Lucia, La trasmissione dei testi latini del Medioevo. TE.TRA. 5: Gregorius I Papa (Florence: SISMEL-Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2013)Google Scholar. On Gregroy's efforts to circulate his texts, see Girolamo Arnaldi, “Gregorio Magno e la circolazione delle sue opere,” Gregorio Magno, nel XIV centenario della morte, 53–65.

⁴⁶ Amalarius, Liber officialis 4.24-5 in Amalarii episcopi opera liturgica omnia, vol. 2, ed. Hanssens, Ioanne Michaele (Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1948–50), 481–485Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Codex 138, Köln, Dombibliothek, folio 43 recto-44 recto (http://www.ceec.uni-koeln.de/ceec-cgi/kleioc/0010/exec/katl/%22kn28-0138%22); and Andrieu, M., ed., Les Ordines Romani du Haut Moyen-Âge, vol. 1 (Louvain: “Spicilegium sacrum lovaniense” bureau, 1931–1961), 107Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Étaix, Raymond, “Répertoire des manuscripts des homélies sur l' Évangile de Saint Grégoire le Grand,” Sacris erudiri 36 (1996): 137–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pope, Gregory I, Gregorius Magnus, Homiliae in evangelia, ed. Étaix, Raymond (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999), lii–livGoogle Scholar; and Castaldi, Te. Tra. 5 Gregorius I papa, 81fn37 (on De mortalitate).

⁴⁹ On Gregory of Tours, Gregory I, and the papacy, see Noble, Thomas F. X., “Gregory of Tours and the Roman Church,” in The World of Gregory of Tours, eds. Mitchell, Kathleen and Wood, Ian (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 145–161Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Chadwick, Owen, “Gregory of Tours and Gregory the Great,” Journal of Theological Studies 50 (1949): 38–49Google Scholar; and Breukelaar, Adriaan H. B., Historiography and Episcopal Authority in Sixth-Century Gaul: The Histories of Gregory of Tours interpreted in their historical context (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994), 66–69Google Scholar. Robert Godding, “Gregorio di Tours,” in Enciclopedia Gregoriania, 162–163, also accepts possibility of interpolation.

⁵¹ Eg, Judith McClure, “Gregory the Great: Exegesis and Audience” (PhD diss., Oxford University, 1978), 175–180; and Heinzelmann, Martin, Gregory of Tours: History and Society in the Sixth Century, trans. Carroll, Christopher (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 76–81Google Scholar. Even Chadwich admitted that the manuscript evidence did not support his argument.

⁵² On the circulation of the work of Gregory of Tours, see Bourgain, Pascale, “Gregorius Turonensis Ep.,” in La trasmissione dei testi latini del Medioevo TE.TRA I, eds. Chiesa, Paolo and Castaldi, Lucia, (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2004), 152–168Google Scholar. On the Historiae specifically, see Goffart, Walter, Rome's Fall and After (London: Hambledon Press, 1989), 255–274Google Scholar; and Reimitz, Helmut, “Social networks and identities in Frankish historiography: New aspects of the textual history of Gregory of Tours' Historiae,” in The Construction of Communities in the Early Middle Ages: Texts, Resources and Artefacts, eds. Corradini, Richard, Diesenberger, Max, and Reimitz, Helmut (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 229–268Google Scholar.

⁵³ Boesch Gajano, “La memoria della santità,” 333–335.

⁵⁴ Gregory of Tours, Hist. 10.1: Anno igitur quinto decimo Childeberthi regis diaconus noster ab urbe Roma sanctorum cum pigneribus veniens, sic retulit, quod anno superiore, mense nono, tanta inundatio Tiberis fluvius Romam urbem obtexerit, ut aedes antiquae deruerent, horrea etiam eclesiae subversa sint, in quibus nonnulla milia modiorum tritici periere. Multitudo etiam serpentium cum magno dracone in modo trabis validae per huius fluvii alveum in mare discendit; sed suffocatae bestiae inter salsos maris turbidi fluctus et litori eiectae sunt. Subsecuta est de vestigio cladis, quam inguinariam vocant. Nam medio mense XI. adveniens, primum omnium iuxta illud, quod in Ezechiel profeta legitur: A sanctoario meo incipite, [Ezechiel 9.6] Pelagium papam perculit et sine mora extinxit. [February 7] Quo defuncto, magna stragis populi de hoc morbo facta est. Sed quia eclesia Dei absque rectorem esse non poterat, Gregorium diaconem plebs omnis elegit.

⁵⁵ Gregory of Tours, Hist. 10.1: De hora quoque tertia veniebant utrique chori psallentium ad ecclesiam, clamantes per plateas urbis Kyrie eleison. Asserebat autem diaconus noster, qui aderat, in unius horae spatio, dum voces plebs ad Dominum supplicationis emisit, octoaginta homines ad terram conruisse et spiritum exalasse. Sed non distitit sacerdos dandus praedicare populo, ne ab oratione cessarent.

⁵⁶ Hill, Joyce, “The Litaniae maiores and minores in Rome, Francia and Anglo-Saxon England: Terminology, Texts, and Traditions,” Early Medieval Europe 9 (2000): 228fn45Google Scholar. On the rogations, see Nathan, Geoffrey, “The Rogation Ceremonies of Late Antique Gaul: Creation, Transmission and the Role of the Bishop,” Classica et Medievalia 49 (1998): 275–303Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ On Gregory of Tours' apocalypticism, see Heinzelmann, Gregory of Tours; de Nie, Giselle, Views From a Many-Windowed Tower: Studies of Imagination in the Works of Gregory of Tours (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1987), 46–57Google Scholar. On the flood devastation see, Mollaret, H. H. and Brossollet, J., “La procession de saint Grégoire et la peste à Rome en l'an 590,” Médecine de France 199 (1969), 14–15Google Scholar; Mark Humphries, “From Emperor to Pope? Ceremonial, space, and authority at Rome from Constantine to Gregory the Great,” in Religion, Dynasty, and Patronage, 22–25; and Squatriti, “The Floods of 589.”

⁵⁸ Paul the Deacon, Vita Sancti Gregorii Magni, ed. Tuzzo, Sabina (Pisa: Scuola normale superiore, 2002)Google Scholar, on which see Castaldi, Lucia, “Nouvi testimoni della Vita Gregorii di Paolo Diacono [BHL 3639],” in Chiesa, Paolo (ed.), Paolo Diacono: Uno scrittore fra tradizione longobarda e rinnovamento carolingio, atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Cividale del Friuli, Udine (Udine: Forum, 2000), 75–126Google Scholar; Lucia Castaldi, “Paolo Diacono,” in Enciclopedia Gregoriana, 249–250; and Limone, Orazio, “La tradizione manoscritta della ‘Vita Gregorii Magni’ di Paolo Diacono (B.H.L. 3639): censimento dei testimoni,” Studi Medievali 3, no. 29 (1988): 888–953Google Scholar. For a comparison of Gregory of Tours and Paul, see Bianchi, Dante, “Da Gregorio di Tours a Paolo Diacono,” Aevum 35 (1961): 150–166Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Goffart, Walter, The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), 370–372Google Scholar, 394–399, argues for Monte Cassino, while Marios Costambeys, “The Monastic Environment of Paul the Deacon,” in Paolo Diacono, 127–138; and McKitterick, Rosamond, History and Memory in the Carolingian World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 60–83Google Scholar, urge caution.

⁶⁰ Paul the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 11: Proinde, fratres carissimi, contrito corde [cf. Ps. 50.19] et correctis operibus, ab ipso feriae quartae diluculo septiformis letaniae devota ad lacrimas mente veniamus, ut districtus Iudex, dum culpas nostras nos punire considerat, ipse a sententia propositae damnationis parcat.

⁶¹ Paul the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 11: magna multitudo sacerdotum, monachorum diversique sexus et aetatis.

⁶² Claudio Azzara, “La figura di Gregorio Magno nell'opera di Paolo Diacono,” in Paolo Diacono, 29–38.

⁶³ Boesch Gajano, “La memoria della santità,” 339–342.

⁶⁴ Leyser, “Memory of Gregory and Latin Europe,” now dates the Interpolator to before 844. On the circulation of the interpolated life, see Chiesa, Paolo and Stella, Francesco, “Paulus Diaconus,” in La trasmissione dei testi latini del Medioevo TE.TRA 2, vol. 2, eds. Chiesa, P. and Castaldi, L. (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2005), 497–498Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, 394–399 and 424–431; McKitterick, History and Memory, 66–77; and on transmission Chiesa and Stella, “Paulus Diaconus,” 491–495.

⁶⁶ Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum 3.24 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum Saec. VI-IX, ed. Bethmann, L. and Waitz, G. [Hanover, Hahn 1878]): Qui dum septiformem laetaniam fieri ordinasset, intra unius horae spatium, dum hi Deum deprecarentur, octuaginta ex eis subito ad terra corruentes, spiritum exalarunt. Septiformis autem laetania ideo dicta est, quia omnis urbis populus a beato Gregorio in septem partes deprecaturus Dominum est divisus. In primo namque choro fuit omnis clerus, in secundo omnes abbates cum monachis suis, in tertio omnes abbatissae cum congregationibus suis, in quarto omnes infantes, in quinto omnes laici, in sexto universae viduae, in septimo omnes mulieres coniugatae. Ideo autem de beato Gregorio plura dicere obmittimus, quia iam ante aliquod annos eius vitam Deo auxiliante texuimus. In qua quae dicenda fuerant iuxta tenuitatis nostrae vires universa discripsimusGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁷ Paul the Deacon, Storia dei Longobardi, trans. Capo, Lidia (Vicenza: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 1992), 479–480Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ On the relations between the lives of Gregory, Limone, “La tradizione scritta della ‘Vita Gregorii Magni’ di Paolo Diacono,” 887–902; Paul the Deacon, Vita Sancti Gregorii Magni, ed. Tuzzo, vii–xi; Judic, “À propos de la “messe de saint Grégoire,” 78–81; 84–85; and Boesch Gajano, “La memoria della santità,” 339–342.

⁶⁹ John the Deacon, vita Gregorii praefatio (PL 75 col. 61B). On John, see Arnaldi, Girolama, “Giovanni Immonide e la cultura a Roma al tempo di Giovanni VIII,” in Bullettino dell'Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo 68 (1956): 48–75Google Scholar on the “idea of Rome”; Arnaldi, Girolama, “Giovanni Immonide e la cultura a Roma al tempo di Giovanni VIII: una retractio,” in Europa medievale e mondo bizantino: contatti effettivi e possibilità di studi comparati: tavola rotonda del XVIII Congresso del CISH, eds. Arnaldi, Girolama and Cavallo, Guglielmo (Rome: Nella sede dell'Istituto Palazzo Borromini, 1997), 163–177Google Scholar; Bertini, Ferruccio, “Giovanni Immonides e la cultura a Roma nel IX secolo,” in Roma nell'alto Medioevo, vol. 2 (Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo, 2001), 897–917Google Scholar; and Lucia Castaldi, “Giovanni Immonide, diacono romano,” in Enciclopedia Gregoriana, 156–157.

⁷⁰ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 1.39 (PL 75 col. 79B), on which see Beneš, Carrie E., “Whose SPQR? Sovereignty and Semiotics in Medieval Rome,” Speculum 84 (2009): 876–877Google Scholar; and John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 2.17 (PL 75 col. 94A): Gelasianum Codicem de missarum solemniis . . . in unius libri volumine coarctavit, on which see Mews, “Gregory the Great, the Rule of Benedict,” 126–127. On John's vita, see Leonardi, Claudio, “La ‘Vita Gregorii’ di Giovanni Diacono,” in Roma e l'età carolingia: atti delle Giornate di studio (Rome: Multigrafica editrice tipografica, 1976), 381–93Google Scholar; and Leonardi, Claudio, “Pienezza ecclesiale e santità nella ‘Vita Gregorii’ di Giovanni Diacono,” Renovatio 12 (1977): 51–66Google Scholar.

⁷¹ Neil, Bronwen, “The Politics of Hagiography in Ninth-Century Rome,” in Text and Transmission in Medieval Europe, ed. Bishop, Chris (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2007), 58–75Google Scholar.

⁷² Leonardi, “Pienezza ecclesiale e santità,” 57–59, suggests papal-Byzantine relations; Arnaldi (1956), “Giovanni Immonide e la cultura a Roma,” Frankish vs Roman empire. On the Formosan schism and memory, see Leyser, Conrad, “Charisma in the Archive: Roman Monasteries and the Memory of Gregory the Great, c. 870–940,” in Le scritture dai monasteri: Atti del II seminario internazionale di studio “I monasteri nell'alto Medioevo,” ed. De Rubeis, Flavia and Pohl, Walter (Rome: Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, 2003), 207–26Google Scholar, whose argument was amended in part by Leyser, “The Memory of Pope Gregory the Great in the Ninth Century,” fn17, allowing still however the possibility of a battle over memory. Forlin Patrucco, “Registrum Epistularum,” also suggests troubles with Holy Roman emperor. According to Boesch Gajano, “La memoria della santità,” 342–7, John's VGregorii was unusable hagiography, but still widely diffused, on which see Castaldi, Lucia, ed., Iohannes Hymmonides diaconus Romanus, Vita Gregorii I Papae (B. H. L. 3641–3642), vol. 1: La tradizione manoscritta (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2004)Google Scholar. See Wilhelmi, Hans-Albert, Die “Vita Gregorii Magni” des Johannes Diaconus: Schwerpunkte ihrer Wirkungsgeschichte (Neuried: Ars Una, 1998)Google Scholar, on the influence, citation, and use of John's Vita Gregorii.

⁷³ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii praefatio (PL 75 col. 62C): archival work and 1.41-3 (PL 75 col. 79C-81A): the procession. On the limits of John's archival research, see Castaldi, “Registrum epistularum,” 87–97; Costambeys and Leyser, “To be the neighbour of St Stephen,” 267; and Leyser “The Memory of Pope Gregory the Great in the Ninth Century,” 7–11.

⁷⁴ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 1.40 (PL 75 col. 79B).

⁷⁵ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 1.42 (PL 75 col. 80D-81A): Litania clericorum exeat ab ecclesia sancti Joannis Baptistae; litania virorum ab ecclesia sancti martyris Marcelli; litania monachorum ab ecclesia sanctorum martyrum Joannis et Pauli; litania ancillarum Dei ab ecclesia beatorum martyrum Cosmae et Damiani; litania feminarum conjugatarum ab ecclesia beati primi martyris Stephani; litania viduarum ab ecclesia martyris Vitalis; litania pauperum et infantium ab ecclesia beatae Caeciliae martyris.

⁷⁶ Derrida, Jacques, Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression trans. Prenowitz, Eric (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996)Google Scholar, 4fn1, cited and discussed by Assmann, Aleida, Cultural Memory and Western Civilization: Functions, Media, Archives (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 328–329Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ According to Leyser, “Charisma in the Archive,” John's extensive use of Gregory's letters aimed to conjure Gregory himself.

⁷⁸ Barone, “Gregorio Magno e la vita religiosa,” 22.

⁷⁹ John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 1.43 (PL 75 col. 81A): Igitur dum magna multitudo omnis aetatis, sexus atque professionis, juxta praeceptionem levitae Gregorii, die constituta, Dominum rogatura venisset.

⁸⁰ E.g. Ps.-Bede, Homilia XCVII: De majori litania (PL 94 col. 499A-D), cited by Hill, “The Litaniae maiores and minores,” 246fn94. Perhaps inspired by Amalarius, this undated medieval homily describes a septiform procession (a letania septiformis) to St. Peter's as a letania maior. Leclerq, Jean, “Le IIIe livre des homélies de Bède le Vénérable,” Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale 14 (1947): 211–218Google Scholar, suggests a composition date of the 8th-9th century or after, while the collection stems from the 12th or 13th century.

⁸¹ OR L.35: Andrieu, ed., Les Ordines Romani, 5:72–79 (date) and 5:314-315 (text). On the ordines and OR L, see Vogel, Medieval Liturgy, 135–55, 187-190, 230-237: Martimort, Aimé-Georges, Les ‘Ordines,’ Les Ordinaires et Les Cérémoniaux (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991), 15–47Google Scholar; and Palazzo, A History of Liturgical Books, 175–185.

⁸² Gregory I, Registrum epistularum, appendix IV. On the major litany see, Baldovin, Urban Character of Christian Worship, 139–140, 158–166; Saxer, , “L'utilisation par la liturgie de l'espace,” 963–964 and idem, Sainte-Marie-Majeure: une basilique de Rome dans l'histoire de la ville et de son église, Ve-XIIIe siècle (Rome: Ecole française de Rome, 2001), 133–136Google Scholar; Hill, “The Litaniae maiores and minores”; Twyman, Susan, “The Romana Fraternitas and Urban Processions at Rome in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,” in Pope, church, and city: essays in honour of Brenda M. Bolton, ed. Andrews, Frances, Egger, Christoph, and Rousseau, Constance M. (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 211–217Google Scholar; and Dyer, Joseph, “Roman Processions of the Major Litany (litaniae maiores) from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century,” in Roma Felix: Formation and Reflections of Medieval Rome, eds. Carragáin, Éamonn Ó and de Vegvar, Carol Neuman (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2007), 113–137Google Scholar.

⁸³ Le sacramentaire grégorien, 1.211-213 #100.

⁸⁴ Bartholomew of Trent, Liber epilogorum in gesta sanctorum, ed. Paoli, E. (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2001)Google Scholar, 119: CLXI De apparitione sancti Michaelis. See Boesch-Gajano, “La memoria della santità,” 337 n. 79 and 348; and Robert Godding, “Leggenda di Gregorio Magno,” in Enciclopedia Gregoriana, 202-203. For a similar transformation of a Gregorian legend, see Whatley, Gordon, “The Uses of Hagiography: The Legend of Pope Gregory and the Emperor Trajan in the Middle Ages,” Viator 15 (1984): 25–63Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ On the Golden Legend, see Le Goff, Jacques, In Search of Sacred Time: Jacobus de Voragine and the Golden Legend, trans. Cochrane, Lydia (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton, 2014)Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ de Voragine, Jacobus, Legenda Aurea, 2nd ed., vol. 1, ed. Maggioni, Giovanni Paolo (Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 1998)Google Scholar, 288: XLVI De sancto Gregorio: Cum ergo benedici deberet et lues populum deuastaret, sermonem ad populum fecit, processionem faciens litanias instituit et ut omnes deum attentius exorarent admonuit. Cum igitur deum omnis congregatus populus exoraret, in tantum lues ipsa deseuit ut in una hora octoginta homines spiritu exhalarent, sed nequaquam cessauit populum admonere ut ab oratione nunquam desisterent donec pestem ipsam diuina miseratio propulsaret.

⁸⁷ Jacobus, Legenda Aurea, 1:289–290: Sed quia adhuc Romam pestis supradicta uastabat, more solito processionem cum litaniis per ciuitatis circuitum quodam paschali tempore ordinauit, in qua ymaginem beate Marie semper uirginis, que adhuc, ut aiunt, est Rome, quam Lucas arte medicus et pictor egregius formasse dicitur et eidem uirgini simillima per omnia perhibetur, ante processionem reuerenter portari fecit. Et ecce, tota aeris infectio et turbulentia ymagini cedebat ac si ipsam ymaginem fugeret et eius presentiam ferre non posset sicque post ymaginem mira serenitas et aeris puritas remanebat. Tunc in aere, ut fertur, iuxta ymaginem audite sunt uoces angelorum canentium ‘Regina celi letare, alleluia, quia quem meruisti portare, alleluia, resurrexit, sicut dixit, alleluia’. Statimque beatus Gregorius quod sequiter adiunxit: “Ora pro nobis, rogamus, alleluia”. Tunc Gregorius uidit super castrum Crescentii angelum domini qui gladium cruentatum detergens in uaginam reuocabat; intellexitque Gregorius quod pestis illa cessasset et sic factum est. Unde et castrum illud castrum angeli deinceps uocatum est.

⁸⁸ On the icon, see Belting, Hans, Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art trans. Jephcott, E. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 47–59Google Scholar; and Wolf, Gerhard, Salus populi Romani: die Geschichte römischer Kultbilder im Mittelalter (Weinheim: VCH Acta humaniora, 1990)Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ On the images, see Mollaret and Brossollet, “La procession de saint Grégoire”; and V. Cerruti, “Iconografia di Gregorio Magno (I temi devozionali): 1. Apparizione dell'angelo sopra la Mole Adriana durante la processione contro la peste,” in Enciclopedi Gregoriana, 175–176.

⁹⁰ Longnon, Jean and Cazelles, Raymond, The Très Riches Heures of Jean, Duke of Berry, trans. Benedict, Victoria (New York: George Braziller, 1969), 73–74Google Scholar; and Martyn, J. R. C., “Four Notes on the Registrum of Gregory the Great,” Parergon 19 (2002): 16–17Google Scholar, 22–23.

⁹¹ Jacobus, Legenda aurea, 1:473–474: Prima igitur letania tripliciter uocatur: primo letania maior, secundo dicitur processio septiformis, tertio dicitur cruces nigre. Dicitur autem letania maior propter tres causas, scilicet ratione illius a quo instituta est, scilicet a magno Gregorio papa urbis Rome, ratione loci in quo instituta est, quia Rome que est domina et caput mundi ex eo quod ibi est corpus principis apostolorum et apostolica sedes, ratione cause pro qua instituta est, quia pro magno et grauissimo morbo . . . Secundo dicitur processio septiformis ex eo quod beatus Gregorius processiones quas tunc faciebat per septem ordines disponebat. Nam in primo ordine erat omnis clerus, in secundo omnes monachi et religiosi, in tertio omnes sanctimoniales, in quarto omnes infantes, in quinto omnes laici, in sextos omnes uidue et continentes, in septimo omnes conuigate.

⁹² Reames, Sherry L., The Legenda aurea: A Reexamination of Its Paradoxical History (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 44–70Google Scholar, 197–210.

⁹³ Gregorovius, Ferdinand, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 2, trans. Hamilton, Anne (London: George Bell & Sons, 1894–1906), 32–33Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Gregorovius, Rome in the Middles Ages, 2:33–34fn1.

⁹⁵ Hodgkin, Thomas, Italy and Her Invaders, vol. 5 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892–1899), 301Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ Dudden, Frederick Holmes, Gregory the Great, His Place in History and Thought, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1905), 219Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Grisar, Hartmann, San Gregorio Magno (590–604), trans. de Santi, A. (Rome: Desclée, 1904), 24–31Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Batiffol, Pierre, Saint Grégoire le Grand, 3rd ed. (Paris: Librairie Lecoffre, 1928), 52–53Google Scholar.

⁹⁹ Markus, R. A., Gregory the Great and his World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 4fn12Google Scholar. Neil and Dal Santo, eds., A Companion to Gregory the Great.

¹⁰⁰ Richards, Consul of God, 41–42 (quote); Boesch Gajano, Gregorio Magno, 56–58; and Müller, Barbara, Führung im Denken und Handeln Gregors des Grossen (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009), 114–118Google Scholar.

¹⁰¹ Straw, Carole, Gregory the Great (Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1996), 12–3Google Scholar; and a bit more imaginatively, Minutella, Alessandro, Il monaco pastore: San Gregorio Magno (Palermo: Nuova Ipsa, 2003), 114–119Google Scholar; and Henne, Philippe, éGrégoire le Grand (Paris: Cerf, 2007), 63Google Scholar.

¹⁰² Baldovin, Urban Character of Christian Worship, 260 (with 139-140 and 158-159 n. 66), on which see Saxer, “L'utilisation par la liturgie de l'espace,” 2.960-964.

¹⁰³ Arnaldi, Girolamo, Le origini dello stato della Chiesa (Turin: Utet, 1987), 32Google Scholar; and Latham, “The Making of a Papal Rome.”

¹⁰⁴ Charles Pietri, “La Rome de Grégoire,” Gregorio Magno e il suo tempo, 1: 9–10, and Pani Ermini, “La Roma di Gregorio Magno,” 21–22.

¹⁰⁵ Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, 5.302.

¹⁰⁶ Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983)Google Scholar.