Article contents
The Forgotten Origins of the Ecumenical Movement in England: The Grindelwald Conferences, 1892–95
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
Extract
Ruth Rouse, writing in A History of the Ecumenical Movement, made an extraordinary claim about the origins of modern ecumenism. She identified two factors in the 1890s that, in her words, “changed the course of Church history and made possible the modern ecumenical movement.” One was the Student Christian Movement, established in 1895 by the American Methodist layman, John R. Mott. The other factor was the Grindelwald (Switzerland) Reunion Conferences, an assembly mostly of English church leaders organized by a Methodist minister, Henry Lunn, between 1892 and 1895. Mott's movement is very well known to modern readers. The Grindelwald Conferences, by contrast, are utterly obscure in spite of Rouse's conclusion that they “began a new phase in the growth of the ecumenical idea.”
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society of Church History 2001
References
1. Rouse, Ruth, “Voluntary Movements and the Changing Ecumenical Climate,” in A History of the Ecumenical Movement, 1517–1948, eds. Rouse, Ruth and Neill, Stephen Charles (London: SPCK, 1954), 338.Google Scholar
2. Rouse, , “Voluntary Movements and the Changing Ecumenical Climate,” 340.Google Scholar
3. Phillips, Paul T., A Kingdom on Earth: Anglo-American Social Christianity, 1880–1940 (University Park, Pa.: Penn State University Press, 1996), 182.Google Scholar
4. Articles and pictures about the Grindelwald Conferences in the American edition of the Review of Reviews can be found in volumes 6 (1892): 310–17, 452–56 and 8 (1893): 446–49.Google Scholar
5. Rouse, , “Voluntary Movements and the Changing Ecumenical Climate,” 340.Google Scholar
6. Macfadyen, Dugald, Alexander Mackennal, B.A., D.D.: Life and Letters (London: J. Clarke, 1905), 232.Google Scholar
7. Bebbington, D. W., The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870–1914 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), 61. “Free Churches” was a term adopted in the 1890s to refer to Nonconformist denominations in England and Wales (where the Church of England was still established by law). The Free Church Congress, which first met in 1892 and which later evolved into the National Council of Evangelical Free Churches, included Methodists of their several denominations, Congregationalists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Quakers. Unitarians and the Salvation Army were excluded. In 1919 the Baptist J. H. Shakespeare led in establishing the Federal Council of the Evangelical Free Churches, which was made up of representatives appointed by the denominations rather than the local councils. In 1940, the National Council and Federal Council were merged to form the Free Church Council.Google Scholar
8. Burns, T. F., “Sir Arnold Henry Moore Lunn,” in Dictionary of National Biography 1971–1980, eds. Blake, Lord and Nicholls, C. S. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 522–23. It would be fair to conclude that Olympic slalom skiing was one of the unplanned results of the Grindelwald Conferences.Google Scholar
9. Lunn was so effective as a stump speaker that Charles Stewart Parnell, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, offered him a seat in Parliament. See Lunn, Henry S., Chapters From My Life (London: Cassell and Co., 1918), 43.Google Scholar
10. Oldstone-Moore, Christopher, Hugh Price Hughes: Founder of a New Methodism; Conscience of a New Nonconformity (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999).Google Scholar
11. Stead, W. T., “Hugh Price Hughes and His Work,” Review of Reviews (N.Y.) 4, no. 2 (10 1891): 279–84.Google Scholar
12. Phillips, , A Kingdom on Earth, 162.Google Scholar
13. Methodist Times, 20 02 1890, 173–74.Google Scholar
14. Home, C. Sylvester, A Popular History of the Free Churches (London: Congregational Union, 1926), 424.Google Scholar
15. Macfadyen, , Alexander Mackennal, 491.Google ScholarSee also Bebbington, D. W., The Nonconformist Conscience, 63.Google Scholar
16. Lunn, , Chapters, 142.Google Scholar
17. Review of the Churches 1, no. 1 (10 1891): 14.Google Scholar
18. Though Mott seems to have known little about Hughes, there is a remarkable similarity of view. Hughes's statement of 1891 might be compared with a passage from Mott's Decisive Hour of Christian Missions (1910), where he articulated his belief that the imperative of world evangelism would dissolve doctrinal distinctions: “Who can measure the federative and unifying influence of foreign missions? No problem less colossal and less bafflingly difficult will so reveal to the Christians of today the sinfulness of their divisions and so convince them of the necessity of concerted effort, as actually to draw them together in answer to the intercession of their common and divine Lord.” Quoted in Hopkins, C. Howard, John R. Mott, 1865–1955 (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1979), 363.Google Scholar
19. Katherine Price Hughes joined her husband as a leader of Forward Movement Methodism, especially as an advocate of women's role in the church and as the superintendant of a sisterhood of social workers at the West London Mission, about which she delivered addresses at Grindelwald. She also served on the executive committee of the Ladies' Liberal Federation. After her husband's death in 1902, she remained at the West London Mission and was in 1911 the first woman delegate to address the Wesleyan Methodist Conference. See Hughes, Katherine Price, The Story of My Life (London: Epworth, 1945).Google ScholarSee also Oldstone-Moore, , Hugh Price Hughes.Google Scholar
20. Lunn, Henry, “A 'Reunion' Trip to Norway,” Review of the Churches 1, no. 2 (11 1891): 143.Google Scholar
21. Payne, Ernest,“Toleration and Establishment,” in From Uniformity to Unity 1662–1962, eds. Nurtall, Geoffrey F. and Chadwick, Owen (London: SPCK, 1962), 281.Google Scholar
22. Payne, ,“Toleration and Establishment,” 283–84.Google Scholar
23. Wright, J. Robert, “Heritage and Vision: The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral,” Anglican Theological Review, Supplementary Series, No. 10 (03 1988): 9–10.Google Scholar
24. For the text of the Chicago and Lambeth versions of the Quadrilateral, see Anglican Theological Review, Supplementary Series, No. 10 (03 1988): vii–ix.Google ScholarFor the text of the Chicago version of the Quadrilateral, see Book of Common Prayer … according to the use of the Episcopal Church (New York: Church Hymnal Corporation, 1979), 876–78.Google Scholar
25. Lunn, Henry S., “The Church and the World,” Review of the Churches (new series) 7, no. 3 (07 1930): 334.Google Scholar
26. Review of the Churches 2, no. 5 (08 1892): 329–32.Google Scholar
27. Review of the Churches 2, no. 5 (08 1892): 332.Google Scholar
28. Review of the Churches 2, no. 6 (09 1892): 370.Google Scholar
29. Review of the Churches 2, no. 6 (09 1892): 375.Google Scholar
30. Review of the Churches 2, no. 5 (08 1892): 334.Google Scholar
31. Lunn, , Chapters, 170.Google Scholar
32. Review of the Churches 3, no. 1 (10 1892): 43.Google Scholar
33. Review of the Churches 3, no. 1 (10 1892): 52.Google Scholar
34. Quoted in Review of the Churches 3, no. 2 (10 1892): 56.Google Scholar
35. Spectator, 69, no. 3351 (17 09 1892), 375.Google Scholar
36. Review of the Churches 4, no. 6 (09 1893): 364.Google Scholar
37. Review of the Churches 4, no. 6 (09 1893): 356.Google Scholar
38. Review of the Churches 4, no. 6 (09 1893): 374.Google Scholar
39. Review of the Churches 4, no. 6 (09 1893): 348;Google Scholaralso Review of the Churches 6, no. 32 (05 1894): 67.Google Scholar
40. Bebbington, , Nonconformist Conscience, 70.Google Scholar
41. Drummond, James S., Charles A. Berry D. D.: A Memoir (London: Cassell and Co., 1899), 119–23.Google Scholar
42. Although Bebbington, D. W. recognizes Berry's leadership and that he was reacting to the Grindelwald Conferences, he does not recognize that the important Hughes-Berry partnership also took shape at Grindelwald. He dates the origin of Hughes and Berry's friendship to 1895–96, about three years too late.Google ScholarSee Bebbington, , Nonconformist Conscience, 63, 70.Google Scholar
43. Drummond, , Charles Berry, 104.Google Scholar
44. Drummond, , Charles Berry, 119.Google ScholarSee also Jordan, E. K. H., Free Church Unity: A History of the Free Church Council Movement 1896–1941 (London: Lutterworth, 1956), 120.Google Scholar
45. Quoted in Drummond, , Charles Berry, 112.Google Scholar
46. Drummond, , Charles Berry, 112;Google ScholarBebbington, D. W., Nonconformist Conscience, 63.Google Scholar
47. Macfadyen, , Alexander Mackennal, 232.Google Scholar
48. Macfadyen, , Alexander Mackennal, 232.Google Scholar
49. Methodist Times, 22 03 1894, 177.Google Scholar
50. Review of the Churches 6, no. 36 (09 1894): 374.Google ScholarTwo high-church participants, Grier, R. M. and Swayne, W. S., dissented from the recommendation of regional conferences on cooperation.Google Scholar
51. Review of the Churches 6, no. 36 (09 1894): 343–44.Google Scholar
52. Review of the Churches 6, no. 36 (09 1894): 364.Google Scholar
53. Review of the Churches 6, no. 36 (09 1894): 370.Google Scholar
54. Review of the Churches 6, no. 36 (09 1894): 328.Google Scholar
55. Macfadyen, , Alexander Mackennal, 234.Google Scholar
56. Review of the Churches 6, no. 41 (10 1895): 311–13.Google Scholar
57. Methodist Times, 12 03 1896, 164.Google Scholar
58. Turner, John Munsey, Conflict and Reconciliation: Studies in Methodism and Ecumenism in England, 1740–1982 (London: Epworth, 1985), 175.Google Scholar
59. Kent, John, The Age of Disunity (London: Epworth, 1966), 200.Google Scholar
60. Helmstadter, Richard J., “The Nonconformist Conscience,” chapter in Religion in Victorian Britain, Vol. 4 of Interpretations, ed. Parsons, Gerald (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 82–95.Google Scholar
61. For a discussion of the circumstances and consequences of the Appeal to All Christian People issued by the 1920 Lambeth Conference of Bishops, see Hastings, Adrian, History of English Christianity, 1920–1990, 3d ed. (London: SCM Press, 1991), 97–99.Google ScholarSee also Dark, Sidney, The Lambeth Conferences: Their History and Significance (London: Eyre and Sportiswoode, 1930), 131–42;Google Scholarand also the introduction to the Archbishop of York, Shelbie, W. B., Lidgett, J. Scott, Simpson, P. Carnegie, the Bishop of Gloucester, and J. G. Simpson, The Lambeth Joint Report on Church Unity: A Discussion (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1923).Google Scholar
62. The Lambeth Joint Report on Church Unity: A Discussion, 155–56.Google Scholar
63. Turner, , Conflict and Reconciliation, 185–89.Google Scholar
64. Payne, Ernest A., The Free Church Tradition in the Life of England, 3d ed. (London: SCM Press, 1951), 160–64;Google Scholarsee also Turner, , Conflict and Reconciliation, 176–77, 190–91.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by