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2. Smith, Joseph, A Descriptive Catalogue of Friends Books, or, books written by members of the Society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, from their first rise to the present time (London: J. Smith, 1867), 2 vols.Google Scholar

3. Among the opponents of the Quakers were the Independents Jonathan Clapham, Ellis Bradshaw, Philip Taverner, Thomas Jackson, John Owen and John Faldo; the Presbyterians Richard Baxter and Ralph Farmer; the Baptists John Tombes, Jeremiah Ives, John Bunyan and John Pendarves; and the Anglicans John Gauden and Allan Smallwood. Two other opponents of the Quakers, not themselves ministers but associated with the Puritans, were William Prynne, a member of parliament, and Thomas Underhill, a bookseller in London. The paper war between the Quakers and the ministers decreased in scope after 1660 when all but Anglican clergymen were busy defending themselves against governmental attack.

4. Prynne, William, The Quakers Unmasked (London, 1655), Frontspiece.Google Scholar

5. Bunyan, John, The Works of that Eminent Servant of Christ, Mr. John Bunyan (London: William Marshall, 1692), p. 768.Google Scholar

6. Bishop, George, The Throne of Truth Exalted (London: Giles Calvert, 1657), Frontspiece.Google Scholar

7. Howgill, Francis, The Mouth of the Pit Stopped (London: Thomas Simmons, 1659), Frontspiece.Google Scholar

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9. Fox, George, Our Covenant with God and with all Men is Peace (London, 1660).Google Scholar

10. Whitehead, George and Penn, William, A Serious Apology for the Principles and Practices of the People Called Quakers (London, 1671).Google Scholar

11. Caton, William, To All that are Offended at our Hair and Hat (London, 1663).Google Scholar

12. Whitehead, George and Smith, William, The Popish Informer Reprehended for his False Information against the Quakers Meetings (London, 1670).Google Scholar

13. Calvert, who was appointed to the Council of State in 1653, early displeased the Commonwealth authorities by his insistence on printing not only Quaker tracts, but those of other sects as well—Baptists, Diggers, Levellers and Fifth Monarchists (Terry, Altha E., “Giles Calvert's Publishing Career,” Journal of the Friends Historical Society, 35 (1938), p. 45Google Scholar). Simmons and Wilson also came into conflict with the authorities, especially after the appointment of Roger L'Estrange as official licenser in 1662 and the passage of a new licensing act in the same year. See Penney, Norman, ed., Extracts from State Papers Relating to Friends 1654–1672 (London: Headley Brothers, 1913), pp. 148, 157, 178–179.Google Scholar

14. Wright, Luella M., The Literary Life of Early Friends, 1650–1725 (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1966), p. 74.Google Scholar

15. For the years 1664–1665, we have a list of 44 such men. (Penney, op. cit., pp. 228–229).

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17. Swarthmore Collection, 3, p. 39, quoted in Braithwaite, op. cit., p. 134.

18. Epistles No. 131, quoted in Braithwaite, op. cit., p. 304.

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45. Howgill, , The Mouth of the Pit Stopped, p. 290Google Scholar. In discussing Underhill's complaint, Howgill noted also that “the Committee and Members of Parliament did count it no Dishonour.” Both under Cromwell's regime and in the early years of the Restoration there was some desire on the part of the government to permit the Quakers to behave according to their consciences as long as they did not interfere with the constituted authorities. Braithwaite reminds us that Cromwell allowed Fox to remain covered at their meetings and that Thomas Moore, a former justice, was admitted to see Charles II with the words: “it is the King's pleasure that you may come to him with your hat on.” Braithwaite, op. cit., pp. 435, 478.

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85. Naylor, Dewsbury, Stubbs, Fox the Younger, John Whitehead and Richard Hubberthorn, all had been soldiers.

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126. Crook, , The Case of Swearing, p. 14Google Scholar. Crook was not yet prepared to take a stand on the problem of killing but his inclinations are clear: “Woe be unto them,” he warned, “that brings a Christian to such a necessity, that he must swear, as woe attends them that necessitates a Christian to kill” (p. 14).

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153. T. D., , A Brief Manifestation or the State and Case of the Quakers presented to all people (London, 1664), p. 80Google Scholar. See also Crane, Cry of Newgate; and Crook, Some Reasons why the People called Quakers.

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155. Ibid., p. 35.

156. Whitehead, John and 35 others, This to the King and His Councel (London: Robert Wilson, 1660)Google Scholar; Farnsworth, Richard, The Quakers Plea with the Bishops (London, 1663)Google Scholar; and Penn, The Guide Mistaken.

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164. Anon., A Few Sober Queries upon the late Proclamation, For enforcing the Laws against Conventicles (London, 1668), p. 3Google Scholar. Although anonymous, this tract has been credited to Penn.

165. Ibid., pp. 12–13.

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168. Ibid., pp. 12–13.

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217. This article is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to Bryn Mawr College in 1971. The author is indebted to Caroline Robbins, under whose direction the dissertation was written, and to Mary Maples Dunn, who made valuable suggestions. Frederick B. Tolles of Swarthmore College helped with the early definition of the project. The work would not have been possible without the cooperation of Dorothy F. Harris and Eleanor Mayer of the Friends' Reference Library at Swarthmore College; Mary Isabel Fry of the Huntington Library in San Marino, California; Richard H. Dillon of the Sutro Library in San Francisco, California; and Edward H. Milligan of the Friends Reference Library in London.