1. In addition to the Catholic Emancipation Act, mentioned above, Parliament, in 1828, repealed the Test and Corporation Acts. These latter laws, which dated from the reign of Charles II, had excluded anyone from public office who refused to receive the sacrament according to the rites of the Anglican Church.

2. Countess of Airlie, Lady Palmerston and Her Times (London, 1922), 123–36.Google Scholar

3. These names and titles are likely to be confusing because the bishops were often shifted about in their assignments. The situation was particularly fluid after the death of Manners- Sutton in July, 1828, when three important incumbents changed places. Wherever such changes occurred, they are indicated in footnotes.

4. Abbot, Charles, Colchester, Lord, The Diary of Lord Colchester (London, 1861), III, 486–89Google Scholar; Blomfield, Alfred, A Memoir of Charles James Blomfield (London, 1868), I, 149Google Scholar; Duke, of Buckingham, , Memoirs of the Court of George IV (London, 1859), II, 324.Google Scholar

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7. Leaky, W. E. H., Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland (New York, 1903), II, 83;Google ScholarReynolds, James A., The Catholic Emancipation Crisis in. Ireland, 1821–1829, (London, 1954), 27–29.Google Scholar

8. Colchester Diary, III, 503–04.Google Scholar

9. Biber, George Edward, Bishop Blomfield and His Times (London, 1857), 19–20.Google Scholar

10. Sir Peel, Robert, Memoirs of the Right Honorable Sir Robert Peel (London, 1856), I, 65–66.Google Scholar

11. Britain, Great, The Parliamentary Debates (London, 1812 ff.)Google Scholar, Commons, XVIII, 676, 816, and 1137.

12. Peel to the Bishop of Oxford, March 1, 1828. Peel, , Memoirs, I, 70–711.Google Scholar

13. Ibid., 74; Copleston, W. J., Memoirs of Edward Copleston, Bishop of Llandaff (London, 1851), 123.Google Scholar

14. Peel, , Memoirs, I, 74–77.Google Scholar

15. Ibid., 86.

16. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XVIII, 923–25.Google Scholar

17. Ibid., 1485–91 and 1508–17.

18. Ibid., 1491–97.

19. Ibid., 1588–90.

20. Ibid., 1591–1607.

21. Ibid XIX, 110–15 and 166.

22. Ibid., 116–131.

23. Ibid., XVIII, 1585–86 and 1591.

24. Ibid., XIX, 163–67.

25. Ibid., 236–37. The Archbishop of Canterbury's vote in favor of the bill was cast by Bishop Blomfield; Dr. Manners-Sutton was so ill that he could not attend the session. The Archbishop died shortly after, on July 21, 1828, and was succeeded by Dr. Howley. Howley was succeeded as Bishop of London by Dr. Blomfield.

26. Campbell, Lord John, The Lives of the Lord Chancellors (New York, 1925), IX, 265–66.Google Scholar

27. Reid, Stuart J., The Life and Letters of the First Earl of Durham (London, 1906), I, 193.Google Scholar

28. See especially the Catholic petitions presented by Bishop Bathurst on May 5, 1828. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XIX, 344–45.Google Scholar

29. Ashley, Evelyn, The Life and Correspondence of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston (London, 1897), I, 141 and 191.Google Scholar

30. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XIX, 1150–59 and 1174–82.Google Scholar

31. Copleston Memoirs, 128.

32. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XIX, 1198–99.Google Scholar Bishop Copleston's position is more understandable when one considers the negotiations which preceded his appointment. In 1827 he had assured the King and the Prime Minister that even though he was sympathetic to the idea of Catholic Emancipation, he was not in favor of legislative action at that time. The King interpreted this to mean that Copleston was safe for all practical purposes. See Aspinall, Arthur (ed.), The Letters of King George IV, 1812–1820 (London, 1938), III, 333–36.Google Scholar

33. Parlimentary Debates, Lords, XIX, 1294–95.Google Scholar The only bishops who voted for the resolution were Dr. Bathurst of Norwich and Dr. Murray of Rochester.

34. Annual Register (1828), 137.Google Scholar

35. Leaky, , Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, II, 85–86.Google Scholar Cf.Jephson, Henry, The Platform, Its Rise and Progress (New York, 1892), II, 15–20;Google Scholar and Reynolds, , Catholic Emancipation Crisis in Ireland, 151–9.Google Scholar

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37. Immediately after the election, Fitzgerald wrote to Peel: “I have polled all the gentry and the fifty pound freeholders—the gentry to a man … All the great interests have broken down, and the desertion has been universal …” Ibid., 113.

38. Ibid., 148.

39. This purge had followed a proposal, introduced by Lord John Russell in June, 1828, which would have transferred the two members from the rotten borough of Penryn to Manchester. The measure was supported by Huskisson and the liberal Tories. When Huskisson offered his resignation because he had opposed the government, the Prime Minister quickly accepted. Wellington thus eliminated from his cabinet the very people who could have helped him carry Catholic Emancipation. —See Trevelyan, George M., Lord Grey of the Reform Bill (London, 1920), 209Google Scholar; Butler, J. B. M., The Passing of the Great Reform Bill (London, 1914), 48.Google Scholar

40. The movement gained momentum in June when a number of influential Tories convened at Lord Kenyon's home to consider the best means of channeling popular opposition to the Catholies.—Colchester Diary, III, 574–75.Google Scholar

41. Feiling, Keith G., The Second Tory Party (London, 1938), 369Google Scholar; Annual Register (1828), 147Google Scholar; Jephson, , Platform, II, 22.Google Scholar

42. Dispatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington (London, 1880), IV, 664–65 and V, 130.Google Scholar

43. Ibid., 145–46.

44. Ibid., 155–59.

45. Ibid., 173–75.

46. Dr. John Bird Sumner succeeded Blomfield as Bishop of Chester in September, 1828.

47. Sumner, George, The Life of Charles Richard Sumner, Bishop of Winchester (London, 1876), 157–58.Google Scholar

48. Ibid., 158.

49. Wellington, , Dispatches, IV, 324–28.Google Scholar

50. Ibid., V, 49–50.

51. Sumner, , Life of Sumner, 159.Google Scholar

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54. Peel, , Memoirs, I, 276–77.Google Scholar

55. Ibid., 278.

56. Ibid., 278.

57. Wellington, , Dispatches, V, 477.Google Scholar

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59. Wellington, , Dispatches, V, 486Google Scholar; Colchester Diary, III, 595–6.Google Scholar

60. Ibid., 601.

61. Sumner, , Life of Sumner, 160–61Google Scholar; Reeve, , Greville Memoirs, I, 167.Google Scholar

62. See Dr. Blomfield's speech of February 10, when he presented a petition from Phillpotts and the clergy of Chester, Parliamentary Debates, Lords, X, 170.Google Scholar

63. Wellington, , Dispatches, V, 509–11 and 528–30.Google Scholar

64. So enthusiastically did they respond that a writer in Blackwood's could boast later that they thronged every road along the way.—XXVI, 237.Google Scholar

65. Feiling, , Second Tory Party, 371.Google Scholar

66. Arnold, Frederick, Our Bishops and Deans (London, 1875),I, 194.Google Scholar

67. Reeve, , Greville Memoirs, I, 156.Google Scholar

68. Roebuck, J. A., A History of the Whig Ministry of 1830 (London, 1852), I 114–15.Google Scholar cf. John, Langford, A., A Century of Birmingham Life (London, 1868), II, 479.Google Scholar

69. Mathieson, William L., England in Transition, 1789–1832 (London, 1920), 247.Google Scholar

70. Exposed by King, Lord, 03 2, 1829, Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XX, 644.Google Scholar

71. Exposed by Lord Wharncliffe, Ibid., 715–18.

72. Ibid., 1530.

73. Ibid., 134.

74. Ibid., 244–45.

75. Ibid., 671.

76. Ibid., 725 and 1364.

77. Stanley, A. P., The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold (Boston, 1860), I, 225.Google Scholar

78. Carcus, William, Memoirs of the Life of the Reverend Charles Simeon (New York, 1847), 370–72.Google Scholar

79. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XX, 928–29.Google Scholar

80. Ibid., 538.

81. Ibid., 635–7.

82. May, T. E., The Constitutional History of England (New York, 1889), II, 376–77.Google Scholar

83. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XXI, 78–9;Google ScholarAnnual Register (1829), 69–71.Google Scholar

84. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XXI, 487–98.Google Scholar

85. Ibid., 41 and 668–70.

86. Ibid., 58–75; Annual Register (1829), 69–71.

87. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XXI, 119–23.Google Scholar

88. Ibid., 143–6.

89. This speech was obviously aimed at the Bishop of Oxford, who later replied to it, Ibid., 146–55.

90. Ibid., 552–55. The amendment would have excluded Catholics from the offices of Lord Treaeurer, Lord Privy Seal, First Lord of the Admiralty, Master General of Ordnance, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, and Colonial Secretary.

91. The Act as passed abolished the requirement that prospective office holders deny certain Catholic beliefs such as transubstantiation and the invocation of saints. The old oaths of Allegiance, Supremacy, and Abjuration, passed by Parliament under various sovereigns, from Henry VIII to William III, were eliminated. In their place, a new oath was substituted which bound members of Parliament and other office holders to serve the monarch, renounce the temporal power of the Pope in Britain, and accept the Anglican Establishment as the state church. However, priests were still excluded from Parliament, and Catholics were denied the right to serve as monarch or to hold the offices of Lord Chancellor of England, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

92. It is interesting to note that neither the Archbishop of Canterbury nor the Archbishop of York voted.

93. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XXI, 694–6.Google Scholar

94. The Bishop of Winchester, who voted for the Catholic Relief Bill, was soon to repent and rejoin their ranks.

95. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XXI, 505–506.Google Scholar

96. XXVII, 702 ff; cf. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XXV, 728–32.Google Scholar

97. On March 5, Lord Durham showed that a petition, presented by Van Mildert, had been signed by two hundred teen age boys, Ibid., XX, 720–21.

98. Stanley, , Arnold, I, 226.Google Scholar

99. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, XX, 1329ff., and XXI, 407–41.Google Scholar

100. Colchester Diary, III, 605.Google Scholar