Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:38:37.225Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Defending Roman Loyalties and Republican Values: The 1848 Italian Revolution in American Catholic Apologetics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Sandra Yocum Mize
Sandra Yocum Mize
Affiliation:
Ms. Mize is assistant professor of religious studies atSt. Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Pius IX's categorical rejection of an Italian republic from 1848 to his death in 1878 created a daunting task for American Catholic apologists, who wanted to defend their besieged leader without fueling anti-Catholic nationalism.1 The responses, even from those who had oniy minimally defended the papacy's temporal power prior to 1848, exceeded predictable expressions of sympathy. Pius IX's long suffering became the prism through which a beleaguered American Catholic community viewed the whole spectrum of its own experiences of hope and frustration in securing influence in an often hostile society.

Type
Research Article
Information
Church History , Volume 60 , Issue 4 , December 1991 , pp. 480 - 492
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Aubert, Roger, The Christian Centuries. Vol. 5, The Church in a Secularized Society, (New York, 1975), pp. 57–65, 83–90, 248–254.Google Scholar

2. Kenrick, Francis P., The Primacy of the Apostolic See and the Authority of General Councils Vindicated (Philadelphia, 1838);Google ScholarThe Pnmacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated (Philadelphia, 1845);Google Scholar 3rd rev. ed. (New York, 1848); 4th rev. ed. (Baltimore, 1855). These are found in Pastoral Letters of the American Hierarchy, 1792–1970, ed. Hugh J. Nolan (Huntington, Ind., 1971), pp. 121–126.Google Scholar See also pp. 115–120.

3. All Hughes Citations unless otherwise noted are from Complete Works of the Most Rev. John Hughes, D.D., 2 vols., Lawrence Kehoe, ed (New York, 1864).Google Scholar

4. All Brownson citations unless otherwise noted are from Brownson, Henry F., ed., The Works of Orestes Brownson, 20 vols. (Detroit, 1882–1907).Google Scholar

5. Spalding, Martin J., General Evidences of Catholicity, (Louisville, 1847);Google Scholar 6th ed. (Baltimore, 1876). Miscellanea, 2 vols. (Louisville, 1852).Google ScholarPastoral Letter [on] the Syllabus of Errors Condemned (Baltimore, 1865).Google ScholarLecture… on the Temporal Power of the Pope and the Vatican Council; (Philadelphia, 1870).Google Scholar

6. See also Hecker, Isaac T., The Church and the Age (New York, 1870).Google Scholar

7. See Billington, Ray Allen, The Protestant Crusade 1800–1860 (New York, 1938).Google Scholar

8. See Kenrick's “Pastoral Letter (1846) (6th Provincial Council of Baltimore),” in Nolan, , Pastoral Letters of the American Hierarchy, p. 117;Google Scholar Brownson, “Native Americanism,” Brownson Quarterly Review (hereafter BQR) 10: 27 (1845);Google ScholarHughes, , “The Relation between the Civil and Religious Duties of the Catholic Citizen,” 2 (27 06 1856): 144–145, 148;Google ScholarSpalding, , Miscellanea, pp. xlii–xlv;Google ScholarHecker, , “The Outlook in Italy,” Catholic World (hereafter CW) 26 (10., 1877): 15–16.Google Scholar

9. Hughes, , “The Present Position of Pius IX” (7 01, 1849), 2: 12.Google Scholar Compare with Kenrick, , Primacy, 1855 ed., p. 254Google ScholarSpalding, , Misellanea, 2. 3: 585, 592;Google Scholar Brownson, 16: 172–173.

10. Kenrick, 1845 ed., p. 219; 1855 ed., p. 256.

11. Kenrick, 1845 ed., p. 229; 1855 ed, p. 268.

12. Hughes, , “Letter… to David Hale, Esq.,” (14 11 1842), 1.2:46.Google Scholar

13. Hughes, 2: 16.

14. Nolan, , Pastoral Letters of theAmerican Hierarchy, p. 121.Google Scholar

15. Hughes, 2: 19.

16. Morse, Samuel F. B., “A Foreign Conspiracy against the Liberties of the United States,” New York Observer (1834);Google ScholarBeecher, Lyman, A Plea for the West (1835).Google Scholar Sources cited in Billington, , The Protestant Crusade 1800–1860, pp. 118–135.Google Scholar

17. Spalding, , Miscellanea, 2. 3: 736.Google Scholar

18. Mize, Sandra Yocum, “The Papacy in Mid-Nineteenth Century American Catholic Imagination,” (Ph.D. diss., Marquette University, 1987).Google Scholar

19. Hecker, , “The Political Crisis in France” CW 25 (08 1877): 579.Google Scholar

20. Brownson, , “Luther and the Reformation,” BQR 10 (1855): 490–491.Google Scholar (See also pp. 486–491.) Compare with Hughes, 2: 38; Spalding, , Miscellanea, 1.1: 76;Google Scholar and Hecker, , “An Exposition on the Church,” CW 21 (04. 1875): 118.Google Scholar

21. Hughes, , “The Pope's Return to Rome” (sermon, 13 05 1850) 2: 32.Google Scholar Compare with Brownson, , Works, 10: 383;Google ScholarKenrick, , Primacy 1845 ed., p. 75; 1855 ed., pp. 230–231;Google ScholarSpalding, , Evidences, pp. 374–375.Google Scholar

22. Hughes, , “The Pope's Return to Rome,” 2:31.Google Scholar

23. Kenrick, , Primacy, 1855 ed., p. 268.Google Scholar

24. Hughes, , “Triumphs of the Catholic Church,” 2: 238–239, 242.Google Scholar

25. Hecker, , “The Outlook in Italy,” CW 26 (10 1877): 12–13.Google Scholar Compare with Brownson, 13: 178–179.

26. Brownson, , BQR 18 (1873): 449.Google Scholar

27. Hecker, , “The Outlook in Italy,” p. 12.Google Scholar Compare with Hughes, 2:13.

28. Brownson, , “Luther and the Reformation,” 10:488–499.Google Scholar

29. Nolan, , Pastoral Letter of the American Hierarchy, p. 121.Google Scholar

30. Hughes (1 July 1860), 2:66. Compare with Hughes, 2:16, 41–42.

31. Spalding, , Lecture on the Temporal Power, p. 10.Google Scholar

32. Hughes, , Works, 2:16.Google ScholarSpalding, , Lecture … Temporal Power, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

33. Brownson, , “The Roman Question,” BQR 18 (1859): 427Google Scholar (on “the people”) and 423–424 (on “federal government”). Compare with Brownson, 12:369 and 373; 12:391. Compare with Kenrick, , Primacy, p. 264.Google ScholarBrownson, , retraction in “Rights of the Temporal,” BQR 12 (1860): 391.Google Scholar

34. Brownson, , BQR 12 (1860): 404.Google Scholar

35. Ryan, Thomas R.., C.PP.S., Orestes A. Brownson: Definitive Biography (Huntington, md., 1976), pp. 520–612.Google Scholar

36. See “Sardinia and the Holy Father,” CW 18 (06 1871): 432Google Scholar and “European Politics,” BQR 18 (1873): 509, 513–514.Google Scholar

37. Hecker, , CW 26 (10 1877): 1.Google Scholar

38. Hughes, , “The Pope's Return to Rome,” 2:33.Google ScholarBrownson, , “Christian Politics,” BQR 12 (1860): 347.Google ScholarHecker, , “Liberty and Independence of the Pope,” CW 35 (04 1882): 5.Google Scholar

39. Spalding, , Pastoral … Syllabus, pp. 3–4, 22.Google Scholar See also Hughes, 2:68.

40. Nolan, , Pastoral Letters ofthe American Hierarchy, pp. 123 and 149.Google Scholar

41. Hughes, , “The Present Position of Pius IX.,” p. 20.Google Scholar “Hughes to Eccleston” (22 July 1849), Archdiocese of Baltimore Microfilm, (MABA Reel 16) in University of Notre Dame Archives. See also “Kenrick to Eccleston” (9 August 1849) in Archdiocese of Baltimore Records (CABA 2/34), also in the University of Notre Dame Archives. The file cites smaller amounts from Philadelphia ($2743), Albany ($140), and Detroit ($360).

42. Hughes, 2:22. Emphasis in text.

43. Hughes, 2:26.

44. Hecker, , “Outlook in Italy,” p. 14.Google Scholar

45. Spalding, , “Lecture on the Temporal Power,” pp. 5 and 15.Google Scholar

46. Hecker, , “Liberty and Independence of the Pope,” p. 8.Google Scholar

47. “Reception by the Clergy and Laity,” (Baltimore, 1870): 14–17, 32–33.Google Scholar