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Carl McIntire and the Fundamentalist Origins of the Christian Right

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2012

Markku Ruotsila
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Abstract

Recent scholarship has argued that Cold War anticommunism was key among the tools with which conservative evangelicals in the United States negotiated their return to the mainstream of American public conversation. While useful, such renderings of the anticommunist leaven in the repoliticization of religious conservatives remain misleading as long as they remain pivoted on the small cadre of reputedly moderate new evangelical intellectuals. Entirely obscured in such portrayals is the agency of the militant separatist fundamentalists whose engagement with anticommunism was at once broader in scope, more systematic, organized and pervasive, and of significantly earlier lineage than that of their new evangelical rivals. The roots of the Christian Right do indeed lie in Cold War Christian anticommunism but the lines of influence stretch as much, if not more, from the fundamentalists gathered around the controversial pastor Carl McIntire and his American (and International) Council of Christian Churches as they do from the new evangelicals. A pivotal transitional figure who nurtured, renovated, and passed on to a new generation the anticollectivist public doctrines of the original fundamentalist movement. In his anticommunist work McIntire pioneered, as well, the faith-based mass demonstration and petition, the political use of Christian radio, and the lobbying of government officials that the later Christian Right perfected.

Type
Research Article
Information
Church History , Volume 81 , Issue 2 , June 2012 , pp. 378 - 407
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 2012

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References

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35 Bob Jones III to Dean Ohlman, April 21, 1971, Bob Jones University Archives, folder “Correspondence Vietnam War—Lt. W. Calley FR 16,” BJU.

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43 In 1954, some 440,161 of the ACCC's claimed membership of 1.18 million were ‘individual auxiliary members’ from NCC denominations. “Statement Released by the American Council of Christian Churches on Statistics as of October 28, 1954,” Garman Papers, folder “American Council of Christian Churches,” BJU.

44 Verne P. Kaub to Adwin Williams, February 27, 1950, reel 1; Kaub to R. L. Decker, March 10, 1950, reel 1; Kaub to Henry E. Hedrick, September 30, 1953, reel 7; Kaub to James DeForest Murch, January 4, 1955, reel 11, each in American Council of Christian Laymen Papers, WHS.

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50 Verne P. Kaub to Charles Havlichek, October 6, 1954, reel 13; Kaub to Joseph LeSage Tisch, July 18, 1957, reel 20; Kaub to J. L. Bascom, April 1, 1957, reel 19; McIntire to Kaub, March 17, 1962, reel 35, Kaub to McIntire, March 19, 1962, reel 35, each in American Council of Christian Laymen Papers, WHS.

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61 McIntire, the ACCC or the ICCC are mentioned only once in Inboden, William, Religion and American Foreign Policy, 1945–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 274CrossRefGoogle Scholar; in Stevens, Jason, God-Fearing and Free: A Spiritual History of America's Cold War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010), 66Google Scholar; and in Foglesong, David, The American Mission and the “Evil Empire”: The Crusade for a “Free Russia” since 1881 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 141Google Scholar. Kirby, Dianne, ed., Religion and the Cold War (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar ignores all Protestant anticommunists in the United States, Settje's, David E.Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars (New York: New York University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar all U.S. fundamentalists, and Lahr's Millennial Dreams and Apocalyptic Nightmares consistently maintains that only the new evangelicals' anticommunism mattered.

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63 L. Nelson Bell to Mrs. Leo Brady, February 29, 1960; L. Nelson Bell to Claude McIntosh, January 20, 1962, both in L. Nelson Bell Papers, box 35, Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton, Illinois [hereafter BGCA].

64 L. Nelson Bell to Joseph Mitchell, February 3, 1970, Bell Papers, box 35, BGCA.

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77 Carl McIntire to David Lawrence, November 13, 1953, Garman Papers, folder “International Council of Christian Churches,” BJU. Robertson also worked with Billy Graham: Steven P. Miller, Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 55Google Scholar.

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81 Elizabeth Dilling newsletter “February—1957 Month for Patriots (and Sleep),” nd, Hargis Papers, box 35, UARK.

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86 Christian Beacon, April 23, 1936, 4; McIntire, “Why Should Christians Be Kind to Jews?,” 3–5; Christian Beacon, March 10, 1949, 4; Christian News, March 21, 1988, 1.

87 Christian Beacon, March 14, 1940, 8; Christian Beacon, May 10, 1945, 1.

88 Edward G. Stern to Louis Kariel, February 25, 1964, American Jewish Committee Anti-Semitic and Extremist Collection, box 194, folder Rev. Carl McIntire, American Jewish Committee Archives, New York.

89 Gerald L. K. Smith to Verne P. Kaub, November 23, 1955, reel 14, American Council of Christian Laymen Papers, WHS.

90 Smith, Gerald L. K., “God Bless McIntire,” Cross and the Flag, February 1960, 13Google Scholar; Smith, Gerald L. K., “Editorial Briefs,” Cross and the Flag, July 1966, 6Google Scholar.

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94 For these connections, see Jorstad, The Politics of Doomsday, 107–114, 170–175; Crespino, Joseph, In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), 164–66Google Scholar.

95 Carl McIntire to Thomas Cross, October 4, 1948, National Presbyterian Missions Collection, box 496, file 68, PCAHC; McIntire, Carl, “Witch Hunting and the Origin of the So-Called Civil Rights Program,” Christian Beacon, June 24, 1948, 2Google Scholar.

96 Carl McIntire to David Hedegård, August 30, 1957, Hedegård Papers, A II a, box 3, folder “ICCC Korrespondens 1957,” RSAL; Jorstad, The Politics of Doomsday, 93, 94n26; Reich, “Twentieth Century Reformation,” 115, 126–35, 144.

97 Robert T. Ketcham to McIntire, April 11, 1952, and McIntire to Ketcham, April 21, 1952, McIntire Manuscript Collection, box 254, folder “Ketcham, Dr Robert T. 1950–1952,” PTSEM; Wm. Harrlee Bordeaux to Verne P. Kaub, March 2, 1955, American Council of Christian Laymen Papers, reel 11, WHS.

98 Carl McIntire to David Hedegård, August 30 and September 4, 1957, Hedegård Papers, A II a, box 3, folder “ICCC Korrespondens 1957,” RSAL.

99 Arthur G. Slaght to Verne P. Kaub, July 3, 1952, ACCL Papers, reel 4, WHS; Carl McIntire to David Hedegård, August 30, 1957, Hedegård Papers, AII a, box 3, folder “ICCC Korrespondens 1957,” RSAL; Christian Beacon, May 8, 1958, 5; Jorstad, The Politics of Doomsday, 94.

100 McIntire Teaches Sunday School Lesson (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, 1967), 3Google Scholar.

101 Carl McIntire's address at the ICCC World Congress, July 16, 1975, Archer G. Weniger Papers, folder “International Council of Christian Churches,” BJU.

102 See Kornweibel, Theodore Jr., “Seeing Red”: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy, 1919–1925 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998)Google Scholar; Woods, Jeff, Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-Communism in the South, 1948–1968 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

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104 Christian Beacon, November 18, 1948, 4Google Scholar; William Harllee Bordeaux to Verne P. Kaub, March 2, 1955, reel 11, American Council of Christian Laymen Papers, WHS; The Ten Commandments and Civil Rights (Collingswood N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, nd [1963]), 1–2Google Scholar; McIntire, Carl, “An Open Letter to Martin Luther King,” Christian Beacon, June 11, 1964, 3, 7–8Google Scholar.

105 Balmer, Randall, Thy Kingdom Come: How the Religious Right Distorts the Faith and Threatens America (New York: Basic, 2006), 13–17Google Scholar, is highly misleading.

106 American Council of Christian Churches and International Council of Christian Churches to the Democratic National Committee, September 21, 1960, Kennedy Pre-Presidential Papers, Religious Issue Files of James Wine, box 1018, folder “American Council of Christian Churches,” JFKPL.

107 Christian Beacon, November 9, 1961, 3; Christian Beacon, February 1, 1962, 1; Christian Beacon, May 10, 1962, 3, 6.

108 See Hendershot, “God's Angriest Man,” 375–84, 392–93.

109 McIntire, Carl, “Kennedy Administration Cracks Down on Fundamental Churches,” Christian Beacon, July 19, 1962, 1 (quote)Google Scholar; Religious Persecution and Discrimination by the Democratic Party (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, nd), 1–7Google Scholar.

110 McIntire, “Kennedy Administration Cracks Down,” 1.

111 Carl McIntire to Verne P. Kaub, May 6, 1954, reel 9; Kaub to McIntire, May 12, 1954, reel 9, both in American Council of Christian Laymen Papers, WHS.

112 Christian Beacon, July 26, 1962, 1, 8; Christian Beacon, November 8, 1962, 8; McIntire, Carl, “Harrassment of Churches by Federal Income Tax,” Christian Beacon, November 8, 1962, 3Google Scholar; McIntire, Carl, For Religious Reasons: Abolish the Income Tax (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, nd)Google Scholar.

113 Christian Beacon, July 5, 1962, 1, 8.

114 Christian Beacon, July 5, 1962, 1; McIntire, Carl, Freedom to Pray (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, 1966), 1, 4, 8Google Scholar.

115 ACCC press release, March 12, 1970, Weniger Papers, folder “American Council of Christian Churches,” BJU.

116 Christian Beacon, February 1, 1973, 1, 8.

117 Official Publication of National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Endorses Youth's Revolt Against Christian Sex Standards (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, nd [1961]), 2, 4Google Scholar. For an earlier example, see Garman, W. O. H., What Is Wrong with the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (New York: American Council of Christian Churches, 1957), 20–21Google Scholar.

118 McIntire to W.T. Hiering, August 7, 1969, McIntire Manuscript Collection, box 28, folder “McIntire Correspondence Mostly from 1960s + Early 1970s,” PTSEM; Sex Education Report (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, 1969)Google Scholar; In Public Schools: Undermining the Morals of Minors (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, 1974)Google Scholar.

119 Martin, With God On Our Side, 102–16; Clabaugh, Thunder on the Right, 23–40; Brown, Ruth Murray, “For a Christian America”: A History of the Religious Right (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 2002), 15–17, 29–45, 50–68Google Scholar.

120 This fact was pointed out more than thirty years ago in the otherwise tendentious Clabaugh, Thunder on the Right, 23–64, but since then largely ignored. An exception is Lichtman, Allan J., White Protestant Nation: The Rise of the American Conservative Movement (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008), 314Google Scholar.

121 McIntire to Phyllis Schlafly, June 16 and July 24, 1978, box 184, folder “Schlafly, Phyllis,” McIntire Manuscript Collection, PTSEM; ERA: Equal Rights Amendment, Why Christians Should Oppose It (Collingswood, N.J.: Twentieth Century Reformation Hour, 1975)Google Scholar; Christian Beacon, February 22, 1973, 1.

122 W. O. H. Garman to Stephen W. Paine, January 31, 1949, Garman Papers, folder “International Council of Christian Churches,” BJU.

123 “Dr. Wright Says A.C.C.C. Men Deluded by Satan,” The Baptist Bulletin (January 1951)Google Scholar, Garman Papers, folder “National Association of Evangelicals,” BJU.

124 L. Nelson Bell to Robert E. Craig, June 19, 1962, Bell Papers, box 35, BGCA; L. Nelson Bell to Harrison Roy Anderson, December 21, 1966, Bell Papers, box 35, BGCA.

125 Bob Jones Jr. to James A. Pond, March 18, 1976, Fundamentalism File, folder “McIntire, Carl,” BJU.

126 Billy James Hargis to McIntire, October 2, 1967, Garman Papers, folder “McIntire, Carl,” BJU.

127 Carl McIntire to Robert T. Ketcham, November 23, 1968, and Robert T. Ketcham to Bob Jones Jr., February 3, 1969, both in Fundamentalism File, folder “American Council of Christian Churches—McIntire Controversy,” BJU; William Ashbrook to Ed Haver, May 11, 1965, Stenholm Papers, folder “Bundy, Edgar C.,” BJU.

128 Fea, “Carl McIntire,” 264–5; Jorstad, The Politics of Doomsday, 43.

129 McIntire, “The Wall of Jerusalem Also Is Broken Down,” 10, 54, 117.

130 McIntire to Bob Jones III, November 26, 1971, Fundamentalism File, folder “American Council of Christian Churches—McIntire Controversy,” BJU.

131 Bob Jones Jr. to Carl McIntire, May 24, 1980, Fundamentalism File, folder “McIntire, Carl,” BJU.