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¹⁰ Brown, Moral Capital, 19, 337.

¹¹ Young, Proslavery and Sectional Thought in the Early South, 19–20; Baxter cited Romans 8:28: “all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who we are the called according to his purpose and his opinion.”

¹² Godwyn, Morgan, A Supplement to the Negro's & Indian's Advocate: or, Some Further Considerations and Proposals for the Effectual and Speedy Carrying on of the Negro's Christianity in Our Plantations (London: J. D., 1681), 6Google Scholar.

¹³ Godwyn, Morgan, The Negro's & Indian's Advocate: Suing for their Admission into the Church (London: J. D., 1680), 112Google Scholar; cited in Young, Proslavery and Sectional Thought, 21.

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¹⁶ Frey and Wood, Come Shouting to Zion, 83.

¹⁷ Shawe, Clarence H., The Spirit of Moravian Church (London: Moravian Book Room, 1977), 21–22Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Frey and Wood, Come Shouting to Zion, 84.

¹⁹ Ibid., 85.

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²⁵ Whitefield, George, Three Letters from the Reverend Mr. G. Whitefield: viz Letter III, To the Inhabitants of Maryland, Virginia, North and South-Carolina, Concerning Their Negroes (Philadelphia: B. Franklin, 1740), 15Google Scholar.

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ Whitefield, George, A Select Collection of Letters of the Late Reverend George Whitefield, 3 vols. (London: Edward and Charles Dilly, 1773), III:499Google Scholar; Doddridge, Phillip, The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul (London: J. Waugh, 1748)Google Scholar; Hall, Joseph, Contemplations on the History of the New Testament (London: W. Faden, 1759)Google Scholar.

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²⁹ Ibid., 54.

³⁰ Ibid., 53.

³¹ Ibid., 52–3.

³² Ibid.

³³ Young, Proslavery and Sectional Thought, 75.

³⁴ Ibid.

³⁵ Garden, Six Letters to the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, 53.

³⁶ Whitefield, Three letters from the Reverend Mr. G. Whitefield, 15.

³⁷ Ibid.

³⁸ Garden, Six Letters to the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, 53.

³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ Anstey, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 184–199.

⁴¹ Ibid., 198.

⁴² Ibid.

⁴³ Ibid., 193.

⁴⁴ Davis, , “An Appreciation of Roger Anstey,” in Anti-Slavery, Religion, and Reform, Bolt, Christine and Drescher, Seymour, eds. (Folkestone, U.K.: W. Dawson, 1980), 12–13Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 336.

⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁷ Carrington, Selwyn, The Sugar Industry and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1775–1810 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002)Google Scholar; Minchinton, Walter, “Williams and Drescher,” Slavery and Abolition 4 (1983): 81–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁸ Brown, Moral Capital, chapter 6.

⁴⁹ Ibid., 336–337.

⁵⁰ Here I have benefited from John Coffey, “‘A Spur to Incessant Activity’: God, Providence, and the Abolitionists,” Christianity and History Forum Bulletin (Spring 2007): 39.

⁵¹ Brown, Moral Capital, 336–337.

⁵² Davis, “An Appreciation of Roger Anstey,” 12–13.

⁵³ Coffey, “‘A Spur to Incessant Activity,’” 37; Here I have benefited from the idea from Professor Coffey's “‘Tremble, Britannia!’ The Fear of God and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1758–1807,” English Historical Review 127 (August 2012).

⁵⁴ Here I have benefited from Dr. Mark Smith with whom I have developed this idea through email conversations.

⁵⁵ Stephen, James, The Dangers of the Country (London: J. Butterworth and J. Hatchard, 1807), 179Google Scholar.

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⁵⁸ Ibid., 190.

⁵⁹ Ibid., 192.

⁶⁰ Brown, Moral Capital, 336.

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⁶² Jonathan Edwards first used the term “New Light” in A Faithful Narrative Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton, and the Neighbouring Towns and Villages of the County of Hampshire, in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New-England (Boston: S. Kneeland, 1738), 44Google Scholar. New Lights generally referred to those who supported the revival movements in Congregationalist and Baptist churches in New England, while Old Lights opposed them.

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⁶⁴ Ibid., 18.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 14.

⁶⁶ Bacon, Thomas, Two Sermons, Preached to a Congregation of Black Slaves at the Parish Church of S. P. in the Province of Maryland (London: John Oliver, 1749)Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ These details are from Young, Proslavery and Sectional Thought in the Early South, 79, 97.

⁶⁸ Bacon, Thomas, Four Sermons: Upon the Great and Indispensible Duty of All Christian Masters and Mistresses to Bring Up Their Negro Slaves in the Knowledge and Fear of God. Preached at the Parish Church of St Peter in Talbot County, in the Province of Maryland (London: J. Oliver, 1750), xiGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁹ Ibid., xii.

⁷⁰ Ibid., xvi.

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⁷² Ibid., 27.

⁷³ Ibid., 42.

⁷⁴ Ibid., 44, 27.

⁷⁵ Ibid., 42.

⁷⁶ Ibid., 47.

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⁸² Boucher, Jonathan, A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution; in Thirteen Discourses, Preached in North America between the Years 1763 and 1775: with an Historical Preface (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, Paternoster-Row, 1797), 187Google Scholar.

⁸³ Bacon, Four Sermons, 29.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 50.

⁸⁵ Ibid., 51.

⁸⁶ Ibid., 50.

⁸⁷ Grainger, James, The Sugar-Cane: A Poem (London: R. and J. Dodsley, 1764), 56, 139Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Lee, Extract from an Address, in the Virginia Gazette, 28.

⁸⁹ Newton, An Authentic Narrative, 192, 194.

⁹⁰ Whitefield, Three Letters from the Reverend Mr. G. Whitefield, 13.

⁹¹ Davies, The Duty of Christians, 8.

⁹² Grainger, The Sugar-Cane, 136.

⁹³ Bacon, Four Sermons, 54.

⁹⁴ Brown, Moral Capital, 336–337.

⁹⁵ Ibid., 75.

⁹⁶ Robertson, Robert, The Speech of Mr. John Talbot Campo-Bell, A Free Christian-Negro, to His Countrymen in the Mountains of Jamaica (London: J. Roberts, 1736), 11–12Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Ibid., 53.

⁹⁸ Ibid., 73.

⁹⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid., 57.

¹⁰¹ Knox, Three Tracts Respecting the Conversion, 19.

¹⁰² Ibid., 19.

¹⁰³ Ibid., 20.

¹⁰⁴ Backus, Isaac, A History of New-England, with Particular Reference to the Denomination of Christians Called Baptists. Containing the First Principles and Settlements of the Country; the Rise and Increase of the Baptist Churches Therein; the Intrusion of Arbitrary Power under the Cloak of Religion; the Christian Testimonies of the Baptists and Others Against the Same, with Their Sufferings Under It, from the Beginning [sic] to the Present Time (Boston: Edward Draper, 1777), 170–175Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ For the general redemption doctrine of Baptists churches, see Backus, A History of New-England, 385–397.

¹⁰⁶ Semple, Robert B., A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia (Richmond: Published by the author, 1810), 221Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid., 97, 398.

¹⁰⁸ Semple, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia, 222.

¹⁰⁹ From 1731 to 1760, the number of the titles concerning the antislavery issue was 6 out of 5393. Sources are from, Evans, Charles, American Bibliography: A Chronological Dictionary of All Books, Pamphlets, and Periodicals in the United States of America from the Genesis in 1639 Down to and Including the Year 1820 (Chicago: Blakely Press, 1904), vols. 2–8Google Scholar.

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¹¹¹ Coke, History of the West Indies, II:427.

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¹¹⁴ Wesley, Thoughts upon Slavery, 13.

¹¹⁵ Ibid., 34, 38.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., 23.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., 34.

¹¹⁸ Ibid., 37.

¹¹⁹ Genesis 4:10. Ibid., 55.

¹²⁰ Ibid., 33.

¹²¹ Ibid., 52.

¹²² Ibid., 36.

¹²³ Ibid., 34.

¹²⁴ Ibid.

¹²⁵ Ibid., 52.

¹²⁶ Ibid., 48, 52.

¹²⁷ Ibid., 34–35.

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