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The Religious Problem of the Italian Risorgimento as Seen by Americans1.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Howard R. Marraro
Howard R. Marraro
Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York
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Extract

At the outset of Italy's struggle for political regeneration religious differences divided American opinion as to the justice of the Italian demands and continued to color that opinion throughout the years that followed. Before the election of Pius IX to the Papacy, Americans had read and heard a great deal about the tyranny of the various despotic governments of Italy after the Congress of Vienna. Books of travel, memoirs, biographies, autobiographies, accounts of newspaper correspondents in various cities of the peninsula, stories told by returning travellers and by Italian exiles in America had painted a most gloomy picture of the spiritual and physical conditions under which many liberals were suffering in the dungeons of the despots who had been restored to power after the downfall of Napoleon. Nowhere were conditions worse, it was believed, than in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and in the Papal States.

Type
Research Article
Information
Church History , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , March 1956 , pp. 41 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1956

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References

2. The bibliography on the subject of Church and State in Italy is very copious. The following references may be found most useful: De Cesare, E., The last days of papal Home. Translated by Zimmern, Helen, New York, 1909Google Scholar; Dicey, Edward, Rome in 1860. Cambridge, 1861Google Scholar; Farini, Luigi Carlo, The Roman State from 1815 to 1860. Translated from the Italian by the Rt. Hon. Gladstone, W. E.. London, 1851–1854, 4 volumesGoogle Scholar; King, Bolton, A history of Italian unity: being a political history of Italy from 1814 to 1871. New York, 1899, 2 volumesGoogle Scholar; Thayer, W. R., The dawn of Italian independence. New York, 1893, 2 volumesGoogle Scholar; Trevelyan, George M., Garibaldi's defence of the Roman Republic 1848–1849. New York, 1919Google Scholar; Leti, G., La rivoluzione e la repubblica romana. Milan, 1913Google Scholar; Leti, G., Roma e lo stato pontificia dal 1849 al 1870. Ascoli Piceno, 1911, 2nd edition, 2 volumesGoogle Scholar; Monti, Antonio, Pio IX nel Risorgimento italiano con documents inediti e illustrazioni. Bari, 1928Google Scholar; Spellanzon, C., Storia del Risorgimento italiano. Milan, 1933, 4 volumesGoogle Scholar; Omodeo, A., Figure e passioni del Risorgimento italiano. Milan, 1945, 2nd editionGoogle Scholar; Salvatorelli, L., Prima e dopo il Quarantotto. Turin, 1948Google Scholar; Palladino, G., Storia d'Italia dal 1861 al 1871 con particolare riguardo alla questions romana. Milan, 1933Google Scholar; Mollat, G., La question romaine. De Pie VI a Pie XI. Paris, 1932Google Scholar; Taylor, A. J. P., The Italian problem in European diplomacy. Manchester, 1934Google Scholar. Sister Mary Augustina Eay in her American Opinion of Roman Catholicism in the eighteenth century (New York, 1936)Google Scholar discusses the subject of anti-Catholicism in American literature in a chapter (pp. 165–211) entitled “The tradition in colonial literature.” See also, Billington, Ray Allen, The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: a study of origins of American nativism. New York. Rinehart, 1952, 514 pp.Google Scholar Originally published by the MacMillan Co., 1938, 514 pp.

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31. Marraro, Howard B., “Garibaldi in New York.” New York History, 04 1946, XXVII, 179–203.Google Scholar

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35. Joseph E. Chandler (1792–1880) was born in Kingston, Mass. Educated at the University of Pennsylvania, he opened in 1815, a seminary for young ladies at Philadelphia. A Freemason from his early manhood, in 1849, he was converted to Catholicism. For the text of his speech on “The Temporal Power of the Pope,” see the Congressional Globe, 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. Appendix. The speech, which was an attack on the movement to deny full rights of citizenship to Roman Catholics, was published by the Superintendent of the Parish Schools, in Philadelphia, in 1909, as Educational Brief, No. 25, under the title: “Polities and Religion; temporal power of the Pope.”

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54. Feb. 15, 1868.

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61. In 1937 Professor Samuel William Halperin published a scholarly study on The Separation of Church and State in Italian Thought from Cavour to Mussolini (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 115 pp.)Google Scholar, in which the author examines with diligent care the ideas concerning the separation of Church and State in Italy from Cavour to 1929. Concerned only with the theoretical discussions of the question, Professor Hal-perin's study deals with (1) the liberal tradition of the Risorgimento: Cavour and the problem of Church and State; (2) post-Cavourian separatists; (3) anti-separatist cross-currents; (4) separatism in transition; (5) Church and State in Fascist theory. In 1939 Professor Halperin treated the same subjects in a study entitled Italy and the Vatican at War: a Study of their Relations from the Outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War to the Death of Pope Pius IX. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1939).Google Scholar