Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T07:35:19.749Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Religious Feelings of the American People, 1845-1935: A British View1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Richard L. Rapson
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of History, University of Hawaii

Extract

British travelers have swarmed along American shores in vast numbers ever since the early years of the new republic. During the nineteenth century they erected a model of the United States, resembling Tocqueville's, with which they nearly always came to understand America. It was built around two generalizations. First, Americans believe in the principle of equality, or more precisely, the belief that all men deserve equal opportunities to rise, no matter what their inherited rank in society. And, second, Americans make an heroic effort to incorporate this principle into the daily institutional fabric of their national life—into the public schools, into family relationships in the homes, into a political life which revolves around the universal ballot, into their adoring attitude towards women and children, into their respectful treatment of “help,” and into the fluid class structure itself.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1966

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2. Bryce, James, The American Commonwealth (London, 1888), vol. 3, p. 354.Google Scholar Dates ascribed in the text to statements of the travelers refer to the publication year of the editions which I used, unless the author's travels significantly antedated the publication date of his book.

3. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 465.

4. Mackay, Alexander, The Western Worid (Philadelphia, 1849), vol. 2, p. 244.Google Scholar

5. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 244.

6. Phillippo, James M., The United States and Cuba (London, 1857), p. 226.Google Scholar

7. Wyse, Francis, America: Its Realities and Resources (London, 1846), p. 270Google Scholar; Sullivan, Edward R., Rambles and Scrambles in North and South America (London, 1852), p. 32.Google Scholar

8. Dicey, Edward, Six Months in the Federal States (London, 1863), vol. 2, p. 204.Google ScholarMais, S. P. B., A Modern Columbus (London, 1934), p. 49.Google Scholar

9. Though it occurred during years in which the British discerned changing patterns in the quality of American religious worship, as will shortly be shown, this particular episode is quite faithful to the spirit of the nineteenth-century services.

10. Price, Morgan Philips, After Sixty Years (London, 1936), pp. 107–08.Google Scholar

11. William, and Robertson, W. F., Our American Tour (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 61Google Scholar; Macrae, David, The Americans at Home (New York, 1952), p. 589Google Scholar (first edition [Edinburgh, 1870, 2 vols.]); SirLeng, John, America in 1876 (Dundee, 1877), p. 293.Google Scholar Even the church singing, according to Emily Faithfull, partook of this friendly, earthy quality (Three Visits to America [Edinburgh, 1884], p. 353).Google Scholar

12. Hatton, Joseph, Today in America (New York, 1881), p. 18Google Scholar; William and W. F. Robertson, op. cit., p. 23.

13. Mackay, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 258.

14. Zincke, , Last Winter in the United States (London, 1868), p. 18.Google Scholar Zincke referred to Henry Ward Beecher's approach, as most of the travelers did during these years, as the most illustrious example of this type of preaching.

15. Macrae, op. cit., p. 588.

16. Zincke, op. cit., p. 23. In 1912, George Thomas Smart had occasion to regret the absence of ritual and symbolism in American church services. “All this has left something of abruptness in American public worship. The aim is to be sincere, and to be helpful to the weary souls of men in the most direct way; but too often it has been forgotten that joy comes by indirection, and that the light of the fringes of the stars is necessary, as well as their direct transfixing rays” (The Temper of the American People [Boston, 1912], pp. 247–48)Google Scholar.

17. Price, op. cit., pp. 108–109.

18. Leng, op. cit., pp. 293–94.

19. Abell, Aaron I., The Urban Impact on American Protestantism, 1865–1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1943)Google Scholar; Hopkins, Charles H., The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism 1865–1915 (New Haven, 1940)Google Scholar; May, Henry F., Protestant Churches and Industrial America (New York, 1949).Google Scholar

20. May, op. cit., 263–64.

21. Trollope, A., North America (Leipzig, 1862), vol. 2, pp. 9697Google Scholar; Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 494; Brogan, Denis W., U.S.A.; An Outline of the Country (London, 1941), p. 55.Google Scholar

22. Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 483.

23. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 474.

24. May, op. cit., p. 263.

25. Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 483.

26. Nicho's, P. L., Forty Years of American Life, 1821–1861 (New York, 1937), p. 49Google Scholar (first edition [London, 1864], 2 vols.).

27. Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 478–79 and, later, Grant, Hamil, Two Sides of the Atlantic (London, 1917), p. 309Google Scholar, for example.

28. Herberg, Will, Protestant, Catholic, Jew (New York, 1955)Google Scholar used this phrase to characterize faith in the twentieth-century United States. These travel notes would place this brand of religious belief in the nineteenth century as well.

29. A. Mackay contended that voluntarism tended less towards fanaticism than commonly supposed, and less even than in England (op. cit., vol. 2, 248). He also has a useful description of revivals (Ibid., vol. 2, p. 254). Pairpont, Alfred (Uncle Sam in America [London, 1857], p. 169)Google Scholar, countered Mackay's argument vigorously. William Howard Russell insisted that millions of demented spiritualists were running around the Republic in Hesperothen ([London, 1882], vol. 2, p. 155)Google Scholar. So did Mrs. Humphreys (America Through British Eyes; London, n.d. 1913, p. 148)Google Scholar. The best rebuttal to these witless claims and a fair account of the Shakers and Free Lovers appears in Lang (op. cit., p. 306).

30. Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 477–479. Bryce did not leave this statement of perfect equality unqualified. He did mention that “the pastors of the Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Episcopalian, and Unitarian bodies come generally from a higher social stratum than those of the Methodists, Baptists, and Roman Catholics.” This “corresponds pretty closely to the character of the denomination itself” (Ibid., vol. 3, p. 479).

31. Dicey, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 205.

32. Burn, , Three Years Among the Working Classes (London, 1865), p. 61.Google Scholar

33. Freeman, Edward A., Some Impressions of the United States (New York, 1883), p. 162Google Scholar; Murray, Henry A., Lands of the Slave and the Free (London, 1857)Google Scholar, and Leng, op. cit., p. 287 (first edition of the Murray book [London, 1855, 2 vols.]).

34. James M. Phullippo, op. cit., pp. 221–22.

35. Chester, Greville John, Transatlantic Sketches (London, 1869), p. 357Google Scholar; Day, , Life and Society in America (London, 1880,) vol. 1, p. 72Google Scholar; Edward A. Freeman, op. cit., p. 175; Arnold, Matthew, Civilization in the United States (Boston, 1900), pp. 87, 104, 176Google Scholar (first edition [Boston, 1888]).

36. Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 483.

37. There were other points of conseasus British condemnation of evangelism; fear of Catholicism, especially of the Irish variety; abhorrence of most of the odder sects of American Christendom. These topics, though of interest, are not, I think, particularly germane to the mainstream of American religion which I am trying to map.

38. Phillippo, op. cit., p. 229.

39. Lipset, Seymour Martin, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (London, 1963), pp. 140–41.Google Scholar His major thesis is that the American value system has remained relatively constant throughout our history.

40. Ibid., pp. 158–59, 169.

41. Becker, Carl, The Heavenly City of The Eighteenth Century Philosophers (New Haven, 1962), pp. 1415Google Scholar (first edition [New Haven, 1932]).

42. Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 492–93.

43. Vaile, P. A., Y., America's Peril (London, 1909), p. 195Google Scholar; Raleigh, Alan, The Real America (London, 1913), p. 25.Google Scholar

44. Smith, Samuel, America Revisited (Liverpool, 1896), p. 22.Google Scholar

45. George Thomas Smart, op. cit., pp. 239, 241–42.

46. DeBary, Richard, The Land of Promise (London, 1908), p. 265.Google Scholar

47. Bryce, op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 499–500.

48. Graham, Stephen, With Poor Immigrants to America (London, 1914), p. 12Google Scholar; Smart, op. cit., p. 147.

49. Joad, C. E. M., The Babbitt Warren (London, 1927), pp. 171–72.Google Scholar

50. Dickinson, , Appearances: Notes of Travel, East and West (New York, 1914), pp. 174–75Google Scholar; Meakin, Annette M. B., What America Is Doing (London, 1911), p. 360Google Scholar; Woodruff, Douglas, Plato's American Republic (London, 1926), pp. 1516.Google Scholar Woodruff construed “Progress” strictly in its material sense.

51. For some exceptions, see Belloc, Hilaire, The Contrast (New York, 1923), p. 182Google Scholar; Craib, Alexander, America and the Americans (London, 1892), pp. 297, 302Google Scholar; Mais, op. cit., p. 49; M. P. Price, op. cit., pp. 107–08. Belloc said that skepticism was further advanced in Europe than in the New World—a statement which, though very possibly true, does not necessarily belie the assertions made by the other British critics concerning the decline of American religion relative to earlier periods of the American past.

52. Dickinson, op. cit., pp. 174, 179; Wells, H. G., Social Forces in America (New York, 1914), p. 329Google Scholar; Fuller, J. F. C., Atlantis: America and the Future (London, 1925), p. 70.Google Scholar

53. Enock, C. R., Farthest West (New York, 1919), p. 278.Google Scholar