1 Davis, Godfrey, The Early Stuarts 1603–1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), 195.Google Scholar

2 Braithwaite, William C., The Beginnings of Quakerism (London: Macmillan and Co., 1912)Google Scholar and The Second Period of Quakerism (London: Macmillan and Co., 1919)Google Scholar.

3 David, Laing (ed.), The Letters aud Journals of Robert Baillie (Edinburgh: Robert Ogle, 1841), II, 117.Google Scholar

4 Barclay, Abram Rawlinson (ed.), Letters, &c of Early Friends (London: Harvey and Darton, 1841), 30.Google Scholar

5 George Fox the Younger, A Noble Salutation and a Faithful Greeting unto Thee Charles Stuart (1660), 5–6Google Scholar, quoted in Sehenk, W., The Concern for Social Justice in the Puritan Revolution (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1948), 116.Google Scholar

6 Burrough, Edward, A Message to the Present Rulers of England (London: Giles Calvert, 1659), 6.Google Scholar

7 Fox, George, To the Councell of Officers of the Armie (n.d.), 6.Google Scholar

8 Norman, Penney (ed.), Extracts from State Papers Relating to Friends 1654 to 1672 (London: Headley Brothers, 1913), 42.Google Scholar

9 Firth, C. H., Cromwell's Army (London: Methuen & Co., 1912), 344–345.Google Scholar

10 The evidence is summarized in Schenk, , Concern, 125Google Scholar. See also the interesting comment of Col. Daniel in John, Thurloe (ed)., A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq. (London, 1742), VI, 168.Google Scholar

11 Tindall, William York, John Bunyan, Mechanick Preacher (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), 99.Google Scholar

12 Ben, Nicholson, A Blast from the Lord (1653), 10Google Scholar, quoted in Schenk, , Concern, 122.Google Scholar

13 Burrough, Edward, A Declaration from the People Called Quakers (London, 1659), 3.Google Scholar

14 Tomlinson, William, Seven Particulars (London: Giles Calvert, 1657), 1Google Scholar, quoted in Tindall, John Bunyan, 103.

15 Quoted in Schenk, Concern, 119.

16 Burrough, Edward, A Meamsre of the Times (1657), 33–34Google Scholar, quoted in Schenk, , Concern, 121.Google Scholar

17 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 161.Google Scholar

18 Penington, Isaac, Somewhat Spoken to a Weighty Question (1661), 4Google Scholar, quoted in Schenk, , Concern, 123.Google Scholar

19 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 313.Google Scholar

20 [Hyde], Edward, Earl of Clarendon, History of the Great Rebellion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1826), VII, 369.Google Scholar

21 Ibid., 373.

22 Reliquiae Baxterianae: Or Mr. Richard Baxter's Narrative of the Most Memorable Passages of His Life and Times (London: T. Parkhurst, J. Robinson, J. Lawrence, and F. Dunton, 1696), Part I, 74–76.Google Scholar

23 See Vane's judgment of Quakerism in his The Retired Mans Meditations, or the Mysterie and Power of Godlines (London: Robert White, 1655), 184Google Scholar. For a brief study of Vane, see article by Charles Harding Firth in Leslie Stephen and Sidney, Lee (eds.), Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: University Press, 1921–1922), Vol. XX.Google Scholar

24 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1901), III, 72 n. 1.Google Scholar For the life of Pearson, see article by Fell-Smith, Charlotte in DNB, Vol. XV.Google Scholar

25 “John Lilburne to M. Fell, 1657,” Journal of the Friends Historical Society, IX (1912), 58.Google Scholar

26 Barclay, Letters, 38–39.

27 Thurloe, , State Papers, IV, 508–509; 531.Google Scholar

28 Norman, Penney (ed.), The Journal of George Fox (Cambridge: University Press, 1911), I, 312–316.Google Scholar

29 Firth, C. H., The Last Years of the Protectorate 1656–1658 (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1909), II, 30–33Google Scholar; Davies, , The Early Stuarts, 238.Google Scholar

30 Guizot, F. R. G., History of Richard Cromwell and the Restoration of Charles II (London: Bentley, R., 1856), I, 424Google Scholar; Britain, Great, Public Record Office, Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Vol. XIII (1659–1660) (London: Longmans and Co., 1886), 5.Google Scholar

31 Guizot, , Richard Cromwell, I, 426.Google Scholar

32 The Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Fourth Series, VII (Boston: The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1865), 515.Google Scholar

33 Barclay, , Letters, 68.Google Scholar

34 Burrough, , A Message, 6–7.Google Scholar

35 Thurloe, , State Papers, VII, 527Google Scholar carries the report: “They [Quakers] do not like this protector so well as the last.”

36 Extracts, 42–44.

37 This is a guess. The optimistic tone of the work and the fact that it is addressed to the parliament of the Commonwealth seems to indicate a date after the fail of the Protectorate in early May. A date after late July is doubtful since Fox entered his “Time of Darkness” at this time.

38 Fox, George, To the Parliament of the Comon-wealth of England, Fifty Nine Particulars Laid Down for the Regulating Things, and the Taking Away of Oppressing Laws, and Oppressors, and to Ease the Oppressed (London: Thomas Simmons, 1659), 9, 8; 5.Google Scholar

39 Barclay, , Letters, 62 ffGoogle Scholar. See also Firth, C. H. (ed.), The Clarke Papers (London: Longmaus, Green and Co., 1891–1901), III, 190Google Scholar; Diary of Thomas Burton, Esq., ed. John Towill Rutt (London: Henry Colburn, 1828), IV, 439–446.Google Scholar

40 Britain, Great, Journal of the House of Commons [hereafter cited as C. J.] VII, 648.Google Scholar

41 Ibid.

42 Barclay, , Letters, 70.Google Scholar

43 Ibid., 69.

44 [Taylor, John], A Loving & Friendly Invitation to All Sinners to Repent, and a Warning to All Backsliders to Return unto the Lord (London: John Bring- hurst, 1683), 13.Google Scholar

45 These lists nre to be found in Cal. S. P., Dom., Vol. IX (1655–1656), 64Google Scholar; Vol. XII (1658–1659), 351–358. Several of these, of course, are out of place. See also Extracts, 6–13, 105–115. Norman Penney was bewildered by this evidence. “It is well known and understood,” he wrote by way of introduction to this material, “that the hardships suffered by Friends often resulted from whim, fancy, or even personal dislike of the magistrates. … It is not so well understood, and indeed it has come as a surprise to those best acquainted with the history of Quakerism, that Friends exerted themselves eagerly to obtain the appointment, as Justices, of persons whom they knew to be inclined to fairness and good ruling.”

46 Extracts, 107.

47 Ibid., 110–111.

48 Ibid., 7, 13.

49 Ibid., 105.

50 Ibid., 107.

51 Ibid., 13.

52 Ibid., 107.

53 Barclay, , Letters, 71Google Scholar; Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 458Google Scholar. Pearson was regarded as an expert on the tithes question (Fell-Smith, Charlotte, “Anthony Pearson,” DNB, Vol. XV)Google Scholar.

54 Rich, Robert, Hidden Things Brought to Light or the Discord of the Grand Quakers among Themselves (1678), 29.Google Scholar

55 Braithwaite, , Second Period, 18, n. 3.Google Scholar

56 Needham, Raymond and Webster, Alexander, Somerset House Past and Present (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1905), 126.Google Scholar

57 C. J., VII, 656.Google Scholar

58 Journal of George Fox, I, 334Google Scholar. Exact dating is impossible here. Somerset House was being offered for sale throughout the summer and early fall.

59 Guizot, , Richard Cromwell, I, 407–408.Google Scholar

60 Barclay, , Letters, 69–70.Google Scholar

61 Quoted by Firth, C. H. in The Cambridge Modern History (New York: Maemillan, 1934), IV, 542.Google Scholar

62 C. J., VII, 694.Google Scholar

63 Guizot, , Richard Cromwell, I, 424.Google Scholar

64 Ibid., 185–186, 426.

65 Harwood, John, To All People that Profess the Eternal Truth of the Living God, This is a True and Real Demonstration of the Cause Why I Have Denied, and Do Deny the Authority of George Fox (1663), 4.Google Scholar

66 Taylor, , A Friendly Invitation, 14.Google Scholar

67 Norman, Penney (ed.), The Short Journal and Itinerary Journals of George Fox (Cambridge: University Press, 1925), 55.Google Scholar The quotation actually refers to a somewhat later period, but the same tone is found throughout Fox's accounts of 1659.

68 Rich, , Hidden Things, 29.Google Scholar

69 The Journal of George Fox, I, 334.Google Scholar

70 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 534.Google Scholar

71 The Journal of George Fox, I, 341.Google Scholar

72 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 458, n. 4.Google Scholar

73 Ibid., 461–462.

74 Ibid.

75 Firth, , Clarke Papers, IV, 287.Google Scholar

76 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 480Google Scholar. Parker thought it possible that they were forced to help.

77 Howgil, Francis, An Information, and also Advice to the Armie on Both Parts, and This Present Committee of Safety Newly Erected, and to the Late Parliament (London, 1659), 7.Google Scholar

78 Croese, Gerard, The General History of the Quakers (London: John Dunton, 1696), 123–124.Google Scholar

79 The Journal of George Fox, I, 334.Google Scholar

80 Ibid.

81 Braithwaite, , Second Period, 18.Google Scholar

82 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 461–462.Google Scholar

83 Ibid., 463; “F. Howgill to E. Burrough,” JFHS, XXXV (1938), 99.Google Scholar

84 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 328.Google Scholar

85 Burrough, , A Message, 9Google Scholar (wrongly numbered “11”).

86 Stubbe, Henry, A Light Shining Out of Darknes: Or Occasional Queries Submitted to the Judgment of such as Would Enquire into the True State of Things in Our Times. … With a Brief Apologie for the Quakers, That They Are Not Inconsistent with a Magistraey (London, 1659).Google Scholar

87 Stubbe, , A Letter to an Officer of the Army Concerning a Select Senate Mentioned by Them in Their Proposals of the Late Parliament (London, 1660), 61.Google Scholar

88 Short Journal, 55.

89 The most significant works here are [Edward Billing!], E. B., A Mite of Affection (London: Giles Caivert, 1659)Google Scholar; Burrough, Edward, A Declaration from the People Called Quakers (London, 1659)Google Scholar; Burrough, Edward, A Message to the Present Rulers of England (London: Giles Calvert, 1659)Google Scholar; Howgill, Francis, An Information, and also Advice to the Armie on Both Parts, and this Present Committee of Safety Newly Erected, and to the Late Parliament (London, 1659)Google Scholar. I hope in the future to publish an article on this Quaker literature of 1659.

90 Burrough, , A Message, 10.Google Scholar

91 Barclay, , Letters, 72–73.Google Scholar

92 Howgill, , An Information, 9.Google Scholar

93 Burrough, , A Message, 7.Google Scholar

94 The Journal of George Fox, I, 334.Google Scholar

95 Ibid., II, 50. Note also the interesting statement of Sewel: “Now since some rash people that went under the name of Quakers, were for taking up arms under Lambert; and that the committee of safety offered great places and commands to some of that persuasion, thereby to draw them off from the truth they professed, G. Fox wrote a paper, wherein he showed the unlawfulness of wars and fightings. …” (Sewel, William, The History of the Rise, Increase, and Progress of thc Christian People Called Quakers [Philadelphia: Friends Book Store, n.d.], I, 272)Google Scholar.

96 The Journal of George Fox, I, 347–348.Google Scholar

97 Burrough, , A Declaration, 10.Google Scholar

98 See The Journal of George Fox; Being an Historical Account of His Life, Travels, Sufferings, and Christian Experiences (Eighth [Bi-Centenary] Edition; London: Headley Brothers, 1902) [Elwood Journal], I, 482.Google Scholar

99 Braithwaite, , Beginnings, 480.Google Scholar

100 There is some evidence that a few individual Quakers carried on anti-royalist activity after 1660. See Braithwaite, Second Period, 30–31, 39. Also see the interesting statements in Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report 7 Appendix, Part I (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1879), 93, 130.Google Scholar

101 Jones, Rufus, “Introduction,” in Braithwaite, Second Period, xlvi–xlvii.Google Scholar

102 Schiatter, Richard B., The Social Ideas of Religious Leaders 1660–1688 (Oxford: University Press, 1940), 235–243.Google Scholar