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Papal Bulls as Instruments of Reform: The Reception of the Protection Bulls of Gregory VII in the Dioceses of Liège and Thérouanne (1074–1077)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 July 2018
Abstract
In research concerning the spread of eleventh-century ecclesiastical reform ideas, papal protection bulls have been somewhat overlooked as scholarship has privileged more obvious instruments of papal politics, such as legates, councils, canon law, papal letters, and friendship networks. This is not surprising considering the fact that the only documents preserved are very often the bulls themselves, making it virtually impossible to reconstruct the impact that they had on the local churches. Therefore, the availability of several narrative sources discussing the reception of the bulls Gregory VII issued in favor of the Benedictine abbey of Saint Hubert in the diocese of Liège in 1074 and of the priory of regular canons in Watten in the diocese of Thérouanne in 1077 is truly unique. While these accounts are heavily biased, they permit us to catch a rare glimpse of how bulls were received at the grassroots level. As becomes clear from their stormy reception, the charters prompted discussion in the episcopal entourage about questions of ecclesiastical hierarchy, procedure, papal obedience, and episcopal authority. They cleverly rooted the papal reform program in the midst of far-off but politically important dioceses and forced bishop and clergy to take a stance in the reform debate.
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Footnotes
An earlier version of this text was presented at a panel titled “Rethinking Reform III: Unity or Plurality? Local Reforms and Global Narratives, 11th–12th Centuries,” organized by William North and Maureen C. Miller at the 48th International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo (May 9–12, 2013). I sincerely thank the organizers and the attendants for their valuable comments and suggestions.
References
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57 Bled, Régestes, 73–82.
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60 Tock, “L’élaboration,” 181n7; and Diplomata Belgica ante annum millesimum centesimum scripta, ed. Gysseling, Maurits and Koch, Anton C. F. (Brussels: Belgisch inter-universitair centrum voor Neërlandistiek, 1950)Google Scholar, 1:275–278nn160–161, 282n164, 284n165.
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64 The Register, 219–220, book 4:10 (to Adela), 220–221, book 4:11 (to count Robert). On the polemical literature composed in the diocese of Thérouanne around this time: Meijns, “Opposition,” 259–270.
65 Quellen, 110–113n114 (JL 5088); and Bédague, “Grégoire VII,” 89–93.
66 The annual recognition tax Drogo requested was also customary in the neighboring dioceses until the end of the eleventh century. Hence, it tells us little about the bishop's personal stance on the matter of simony. Cf. for instance: Les chartes de Gérard Ier, Liébert et Gérard II, évêques de Cambrai et d'Arras, comtes du Cambrésis (1012–1092/3), ed. Van Mingroot, Erik, Lovaniensia, Mediaevalia, Series 1, studia 35 (Leuven: University Press, 2005), 344–346Google Scholar (Bishop Gerard I of Cambrai-Arras asks a yearly tax of 12 denarii “pro respectu” from the new canonry at Haaltert in 1046); or Les actes des évêques de Noyon-Tournai (7e siècle–1146, 1147), Episcopalis Officii Sollicitudo I, ed. Jacques Pycke and Cyriel Vleeschouwers, Tournai–Art et Histoire. Instruments de travail 25, no. 1 (Louvain-La-Neuve: i6doc.com, 2015), 88–89n55 (Bishop Radbod II of Noyon-Tournai requests an annual tax of 10 solidi from the new canonry in Petegem), 126–127n82 (the same prelate demands a yearly tax of five solidi from the new collegiate church of Our Lady in Bruges).
67 Bled, Régestes, 81; and Giry, “Grégoire VII et les évêques de Thérouane,” 394–395.
68 Bled, Régestes, 82 (August 21, 1078); and Bédague, “Grégoire VII,” 77.
69 The letter is preserved in Hugh of Flavigny, Chronicon, ed. Georg Heinrich Pertz, MGH, Scriptores 8 (Hannover: Impensis bibliopolii aulici Hahniani, 1848), 420.
70 For this expression, see Barrow, Julia, “Religion,” in The Central Middle Ages: Short Oxford History of Europe, ed. Power, Daniel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)Google Scholar, 121–148, at 123.
71 Vita, 51: “cur ecclesiam sancti Huberti, quae Leodiensis episcopi esset, apostolico iure mancipare, cur eam sanctae Mariae sanctoque Lamberto vellet tollere”; La chronique, 77–78: “abbatem Theodericum abbatiam sancti Huberti omnino prodidisse Romano pontifici, ecclesiam Leodiensem in hoc ipso incurasse dampnum intolerabile, et nisi ejusque fideles maturius advigilarent, nichil sibi de tanto honore hactenus habito remansisse”; and La chronique, 79: “qui commissam sibi abbatiam subduxerit sante Marie sanctoque Lamberto.”
72 Falkenstein, La papauté et les abbayes françaises; Falkenstein, Ludwig, “Monachisme et pouvoir hiérarchique à travers les textes pontificaux (Xe–XIIe siècles),” in Moines et monastères dans les sociétés de rite grec et latin, ed. Lemaître, Jean-Loup, Dmitriev, Michel, and Gonneau, Pierre (Geneva: Droz, 1996), 389–418Google Scholar; and Robinson, The Papacy, 223–229.
73 Falkenstein, Papauté, 64–65; and Falkenstein, “Monachisme,” 406n67.
74 For an overview of the imperial diplomas and papal bulls conferring protection to religious houses in the diocese of Liège, see Meijns, Brigitte, “Between the Empire and the Reform Papacy: The Abbey of St. Hubert and the Impact of Its Papal Bull on Ecclesiastical Tradition and Monastic Identity in the Diocese of Liège,” in Medieval Liège at the Crossroads of Europe: Monastic Society and Culture, 1000–1300, ed. Vanderputten, Steven, Snijders, Tjamke, and Diehl, Jay, Medieval Church Studies 37 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017), 219–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a more general discussion of imperial and papal protection: Semmler, Josef, “Traditio und Königsschutz. Studien zur Geschichte der königlichen monasteria,” Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistik Abteilung 76 (1959): 1–33Google Scholar; Szabó-Bechstein, Brigitte, Libertas Ecclesiae. Ein Schlüsselbegriff des Investiturstreits und seine Vorgeschichte: 4–11 Jahrhundert (Rome: Libreria Ateneo Salesiano, 1985), 71–101Google Scholar; Blumenthal, Uta-Renate, The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), 34–35Google Scholar; Seibert, Hubertus, “Libertas und Reichsabtei: Zur Klosterpolitik der salischen Herrscher,” in Die Salier und das Reich, Band II: Die Reichskirche in der Salierzeit, ed. Weinfurter, Stefan (Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1991), 503–569Google Scholar; and Rosenwein, Barbara H., Negotiating Space: Power, Restraint, and Privileges of Immunity in Early Medieval Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 99–114Google Scholar.
75 Henrici IV Diplomata, ed. von Gladiss, Dietrich and Gawlik, Alfred, MGH, Diplomata Regum et imperatorum Germaniae 6, no. 1 (Berlin-Weimar: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941–1978), 294–296Google Scholar.
76 Vita, 51–52.
77 Quellen, 46–49n70 (JL 4844).
78 On the so-called primacy arenga: Heinrich Fichtenau, Arenga. Spätantike und Mittelalter im Spiegel von Urkundenformen (Graz: Böhlaus, 1957), 100; and Robinson, The Papacy, 231–232. The bull for Watten, on the contrary, does not contain a primacy arenga. Here the preamble dwells on the papal duty to provide protection to religious communities. Quellen, 62.
79 Quellen, 62–63: “Inter quas tam cum plures inueniantur, que speciali et propria commendatione in tutelam eiusdem sedis apostolice se contulerunt, ut speciali karitate et studio sue matris amplexe usquequaque securiores et liberiores ab omni infestatione consisterent.”
80 Chronica monasterii Watinensis, 171: “auctoritatem ligandi atque solvendi Romano libellatico prepositum nostrum suscepisse accusant, huiusmodi privilegio, si roboratum sit, ius episcopale destrui, de cetero solo nomine episcopum militare, Guatinenses imperare, summa imis commutari, inversa omnia, caput in caudam, nichil iam deesse preter infulas episcopales.”
81 Sullivan, F. A., “Binding and Loosing,” in New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., 2 (2003), 398–399Google Scholar; Lawlor, F. X., “Excommunication, History,” in New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., 5 (2003), 504–506Google Scholar; and Hamilton, Sarah, Church and People in the Medieval West (Harlow: Pearson Educated, 2013), 322–327Google Scholar.
82 Chronicon, 171–172.
83 Meijns, “Opposition,” 259–270.
84 Meijns, “Between the Empire and the Reform Papacy,” 226–228.