I am deeply grateful to Professor Charles T. Wood of Dartmouth College for his constant encouragement and helpful advice during the writing of this article.

1. Menache, Sophia, “‘Un peuple qui a sa demeure à part’—Boniface VIII et le sentiment national français,” Francia 12 (1985): 193–194.Google Scholar

2. Strayer, Joseph, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, 1970), pp. 64–68.Google Scholar

3. Brown, Elizabeth, “Royal Necessity and Noble Service and Subsidy in Early Fourteenth Century France: The Assembly of Bourges of November 1318,” Traditio 32 (1976): 135–168.Google ScholarRuiz, Teofilo, “Oligarchy and Royal Power, The Castilian Cortes and the Castilian Crisis, 1248–1350,” Parliaments, Estates and Representation 2 (1982): 95–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4. Strayer, Joseph, “France, the Holy Land, the Chosen People and the Most Christian King,” Action and Conviction in Early Modern Europe, ed. Rabb, Theodore and Siegel, Jerrold (Princeton, 1969), pp. 3–16.Google Scholar

5. Brown, Elizabeth, “Reform and Resistance to Royal Authority in Fourteenth Century France, The Leagues of 1314–1315,” Parliaments, Estates, and Representation 1 (1981): 109–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Sophia Menache, “Clement V et le royaume de France—Un nouveau regard,” forthcoming.

7. Though the role played by Philip V in the election of John XXII is still unclear, the influence of the king in forcing the end of the conclave was decisive. See Mollat, Guillaume, “L'élection du pape Jean XXII,” Revue d'histoire de l'Eglise de France 1 (1910): 34–49, 147–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. Lettres secrètes et curiales du pape Jean XXII relatives à la France, ed. Auguste Coulon and Suzanne Clemencet, (Paris, 1900–M1960),Google Scholar no. 23.

9. Lettres Communes, no. 145. Lettres Secrètes, nos. 22, 53, 74, 1557. Privileges accordés à la couronne de France par le Saint Sièe, ed. Adolphe Tardif, Collection des documents inédits sur l'histoire de France (Paris, 1855), pp. 128–193;Google ScholarLettres Communes, nos. 6624–6627, 6636–6638, 6642–6643, 6663.

10. Lettres Communes de Jean XXII, ed. Guillaume Mollat, Biliothèque des écoles francaises d' Athènes et de Rome (Paris, 1921–1947), no. 146. See also Lettres Secrètes, nos. 1367, 175, 210, 352, 489, 208, 209.

11. Chronique de Richard Lescot (1328–44), ed. Jean Lemoine, Société de l'histoire de la France (Paris, 1896), p. 19.Google Scholar

12. “Fragment d'une chronique anonyme finissant en 1328 et continuée jusqu'en 1340, puis en 1383,” Recueil des historiens des Gaules de de la France 21 (hereafter cited as RHGF), ad annum 1321, p. 153. Lettres Secrètes, nos. 1366, 2106–09, 2746. Lettres Communes, no. 16055. See also “E chronico anonymi Cadomensis ad annum 1343 perducto,” RHGF 22, ad a. 1322, pp. 20–21.Google Scholar See also Mollat, Guillaume, “Jean XXII et Charles IV, le bel (1322–28),” Journal des Savants (1967): 92–97.Google ScholarLettres Communes, nos. 26334, 29397–29410, 41289–41320, 41317, 41892–41905, 61203–61257, 61455, 63872, 63882.

13. On the political implications of this policy, see Tabacco, Giovanni, La casa di Francia nell'azione politica di papa Giovanni XXII (Rome, 1953).Google ScholarActa Aragonensia, ed. Heinrich Finke, (Münster, 1908–1923), no. 374, vol. 2, pp. 574–575.Google Scholar

14. Menache, Sophia, “Phillippe le Bel—genèse d'une image,” Revue Belge de philologie et d'histoire 62 (1984): 689–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarGuenèe, Bernard, “Etat et nation en France au moyen âge,” Revue historique 237 (1967): 26–29.Google Scholar

15. “Chronicon comitum Flandrensium,” ada. 1317, p. 179.

16. Leitres Secrtes, nos. 74, 75, 1051. Lettres Communes no. 6808: On the interrelationship of French crusading aims and peace in Flanders, see Taylor, Charles H., “French Assemblies and Subsidy in 1321,” Speculum 43 (1968): 217–244;CrossRefGoogle ScholarBrown, Elizabeth, “Royal Necessity and Noble Service and Subsidy in Early Fourteenth Century France,” Traditio 32 (1976): 135–168.Google ScholarLettres Communes, no. 1662. Lettres Secretes, nos. 202, 204, 206, 216, 219.

17. Chroniques de St. Denys, RHGF, sec. 20, ad a. 1317, p. 700. On the failure of previous treaties and the political development between 1305–1317, see Lucas, Henry, The Low Countries and the Hundred Years' War (1326–1347) (Michigan, 1929), pp. 1–51.Google Scholar

18. “Continuateurs de Guillaume de Nangis,” RHGF, sec. 20, ad a. 1317, p. 618. Chronique de Richard Lescot, p. 48. Paris, Jean de, “Excerpta e memoriali historiarum,” RHGF, Sec. 21, p.666.Google Scholar

19. Chronographia regum Francorum, ed. M. Moranvillé, Société de l'histoire de France (Paris, 1891–1897), ad a. 1318, pp. 237–238.Google Scholar

20. Continuateurs de Guillaume de Nangis, ad a. 1318, p. 621. Chronique de Richard Lescot, pp. 50–51. Jean, de Paris, “Excerpta,” p. 667.Google Scholar

21. Lettres Communes, nos. 45085–45092.

22. de Paris, Jean, “Excerpta,” ad a. 1319, p. 670.Google ScholarChronique de Richard Lescot, ad a. 1320, pp. 53–54. Gui, Bernard in Vitae Paparum Avenionensium, ed. Baluze, Etienne, (Paris, 1695),Google Scholar col. 161, and “E floribus chronicorum,” RHGF 21, ad a. 1320, p. 730.Google Scholar

23. Chronique normande du XIVe siècle, ed. Auguste and Emile Molinier, Société de l'histoire de France (Paris, 1882), ad a. 1326, pp. 35–36.Google Scholar

24. Lettres Communes, nos. 24346, 28308, 28355, 43163.

25. Mollat, , “Jean XXII,” pp. 102–106.Google ScholarGuillemain, Bernard, “Les tentatives pontificales de médiation dans le litige franco-anglais de Guyenne au XIVe siècle,” Bulletin philologique et historique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 57 (1958): 425–426.Google Scholar

26. Wilkinson, Bertie, The Later Middle Ages in England (London, 1969), pp. 121–122.Google ScholarHistorical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, ed. James Raine, Rolls Series (hereafter cited as RS) (London, 1873), pp. 271–273.Google ScholarWood, Charles H., “Queens, Queans, and Kingship: An Inquiry into Theories of Royal Legitimacy in Late Medieval England and France,” Order and Innovation in the Middle Ages, ed. Jordan, William C. et al. (Princeton, 1976), p. 398.Google Scholar

27. “Flores Historiarum,” ed. Henry Luard, RS 3 (London, 1890), ad a. 1317, p. 180.Google Scholar

28. Lettres Communes, nos. 5149, 5155, 5174, 5216.

29. Knighton, Henry, “Chronicon,” ed. Lumby, Joseph, RS (London, 1889–1895), ad a. 1318, pp. 410–412.Google Scholar

30. Wilkinson, Bertie, “Negotiations Preceding the Treaty of Leake,” Studies in Medieval History Presented to F. M. Powicke (Oxford, 1969), pp. 333–353.Google Scholar“Monachi cujusdam Malmesberiensis,” in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I & II, ed. William Stubbs, RS 2 (London, 1882), pp. 258–259.Google ScholarJohnstone, Hilda, Edward of Carnavon, 1284–1307 (Manchester, 1946).Google ScholarDavies, James, The Baronial Opposition to Edward II, Its Character and Policy (London, 1918), pp. 107–108.Google ScholarMaddicott, John R., Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322: A Study in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford, 1970), pp. 249–250.Google ScholarStrayer, Joseph, “The Statute of York and the Community of the Realm,” Medieval Statecraft and the Perspectives of History (Princeton, 1970), pp. 266–290.Google ScholarFoedera, Conventiones, Literae … inter reges Angliae… ab ineunte saeculo duodecimo … ad nostra usque tempora, ed. Thomas Rymer (The Hague, 1739–1745), 2. 2. 132.Google Scholar

31. “Chronique de Flandre,” ad a. 1325, p. 421. Though asking the return of Isabelle to England, papal correspondence did not suggest any threat on Charles IV; see Lettres secrètes, no. 2974.

32. Walsingham, , “Historia Anglicana,” in Chronica Monasterii S. Albani, ed. Riley, Henry, RS, ad a. 1325, pp. 178–179.Google Scholar

33. Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke, Chronicon, ed. A. Giles, Caxton Society (London, 1847), ad a. 1324, p. 77.Google Scholar Thomas de la More, in Stubbs, Chronicles, ad a. 1326, p. 309. Lettres communes, nos. 24867–24868.

34. See Menache, Sophia, “Isabelle of France, Queen of England— A Reconsideration,” Journal of Medieval History 12 (1984): 116–117.Google ScholarWilkinson, , Later Middle Ages, pp. 130–131.Google Scholar

35. Lettres communes no. 29594. Ibid, nos. 29625–29628. Foedera, 2.3.4, 8, 11–12, 23, 44. English Historical Documents 1327–1485, ed. Henry A. Myers (London, 1969), vol. 4, p. 497.Google ScholarNorthern Registers, p. 351. “Annales Paulini in Stubbs,” Chronicles, sec. 1, p. 356. Annales Ecclesiastici, ed. Oderic Raynaldus (Lucca, 1738–1750), ad a. 1331, p. 520.Google Scholar See also Wood, Charles, “Personality, Politics and Constitutional Progress: The Lessons of Edward II,” Studia Gratiana 15 (1972): 519–536.Google Scholar

36. Clement V had already excommunicated Bruce in 1306 as a result of the murder of John Comyn, a decision which hints at the pope's complete identification with English interests.

37. “Monachi cujusdam Malmesberiensis,” ad a. 1317, p. 227. Walsingham, , “Historia Anglicana,” ada. 1323, p. 168.Google ScholarMurimuth, Adam, “Continuatio chronicarum,” ed. Thompson, Edward, RS (London, 1889), ada. 1322, p. 37;Google Scholar ada. 1323, pp. 40–41.

38. “Monachi cujusdam Malmesberiensis,” ad a. 1317, pp. 227–228. Northern Registers, pp. 260–262. Lettres communes, nos. 5162, 5184.

39. Ibid., nos. 3349, 3346, 3393.

40. Baker, Galfridi le, “Chronicon,” ada. 1316, p. 59.Google ScholarWalsingham, , “Historia Anglicana,” ad a. 1317, pp. 150–151.Google ScholarMurimuth, , “Continuatio,” ad a. 1317, p. 27.Google Scholar “Monachi cujusdam Malmesberiensis,” ad a. 1318, p. 237. John, of Trokelowe, , Annales, ed. Henry Riley, Chronica Monasterii S. Albani, vol. 3, ad a. 1317, p. 40.Google Scholar

41. English Historical Documents, vol. 3, ed. Harry Rothwell, p. 269.

42. “Flores historiarum,” ad a. 1317, p. 180.

43. Foedera, 2.1.134.

44. Lettres communes, nos. 10674, 10801. See also Hill, Rosalind, “Belief and Practice as Illustrated by John XXII's Excommunication of Robert Bruce,” Studies in Church History 8 (1972): 135–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarEnglish Historical Documents, p. 271. “Monachi cujusdam Malmesberiensis,” ad a. 1318, pp. 237–238. Lettres communes, nos. 10802, 11621. Northern Registers, pp. 285–297, 302–304. Foedera, 2.2.7. Wilkinson, , Later Middle Ages, p. 123.Google Scholar

45. The Declaration of Arbroath, ed. James Fergusson (Edinburgh, 1970), pp. 6–8.Google Scholar

46. Foedera, 2.2.6, 11, 89. In April 1324 Edward asked John XXII to abstain from recognizing Bruce as King of Scotland, see Ibid., 2.2.95, 46.

47. Lettres communes, nos. 43230–31, 43139, 45373, 47164.

48. “Monachi cujusdam Malmesberiensis,” ad a. 1324, p. 277. In the Treaty of Corbeil (1326), Bruce had already received formal recognition of his royal status from the king of France.

49. Wilkinson, , Later Middle Ages, p. 135.Google ScholarMurimuth, , “Continuatio,” ad a. 1332, p. 67.Google Scholar “Annales Paulini,” p. 357. Robert, of Avesbury, “Dc gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi Tertii,” ed. Thompson, Edward, RS (London, 1889), pp. 296–297.Google Scholar

50. “Annales Paulini,” ada. 1333, p. 359. Baker, Galfridi le, “Chronicon,” ad a. 1332, p. 119.Google Scholar

51. Foedera, 1. 4. 5–6. Walsingham, , “Historia Anglicana,” ad a. 1301, pp. 81–82, 87–95.Google Scholar “Annales Londoniensis,” in Stubbs, Chronicles, pp. 124–125. Foedera, 1.2.52, 90. “Flores historiarum,” ad a. 1306, p. 453. See also Tout, Thomas, The History of England (1216–1377) (London, 1905), pp. 225–233.Google Scholar

52. Walsingham, , “Historia Anglicana,” ada. 1312, p. 134.Google ScholarJohn, of Trokelowe, “Annales,” in Chronica Monasterii S. Albani, vol. 3, p. 78.Google Scholar

53. Conciliar ideas were alive in France from the end of the thirteenth century; see Wood, Charles, “Celestine V, Boniface VIII and the Authority of Parliament,” Journal of Medieval History 8 (1982): 45–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Yet the conciliar movement achieved its zenith at the beginnings of the fifteenth century with the Council of Constance. See Tierney, Brian, Foundations of Conciliar Theory (Cambridge, 1969).Google Scholar

54. Dubois, Pierre, De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae, ed. Diotti, Angelo (Firenze, 1977), pp. 121–122.Google Scholar

55. Medieval Political Ideas, ed. Ewart Lewis, 2 vols. (New York, 1954), 2: 573.Google Scholar

56. “Qui contra regem invehitur, laborat contra totam ecclesiam, contra doctrinam catholicam, contra sanctitatem, et iustitiam et Terram Sanctam,” Leclercq, Dom Jean, “Un sermon prononcé pendant la guerre de Flandre sous Philippe le Bel,’ Revue du Moyen Age Latin 1 (1945): 165–172.Google Scholar This anonymous sermon, ascribed by Leclercq to the reign of Philip IV, actually was written during the reign of Louis X.

57. The decline of papal leadership was suggested throughout the lasting debate between John XXII and the Faculty of Theology at Paris, which ultimately succeeded in bringing the pope to accept its position in a dogmatic matter; see Menache, Sophia, “La Naissance d'une nouvelle source d'autorité: L'université de Paris,” Reune historique 268–2 (1982): 322–327.Google Scholar

58. The “neutrality” of the western kings acquires much significance in light of the crucialimportance ascribed by John XXII to his wars in Italy and his conflict with Louis the Bavarian and the Franciscans; see Partner, Peter, The Lands of St. Peter (London, 1972), pp. 326–327;Google ScholarOffler, Herman, “Empire and Papacy—The Last Struggle,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6, ser. 5 (1956): 21–47;CrossRefGoogle ScholarLambert, Malcolm, “The Franciscan Crisis Under John XXII,” Franciscan Studies 32 (1972): 123–143.Google Scholar