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2. Stirling, Brents, The Populace in Shakespeare (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949), 99 (sensed unconsciously), 120 (climate of apprehension), 151 (excesses of leveling), and 175 (tragic thoroughness).Google Scholar

3. Kermode, Frank, Shakespeare's Language (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2000), 244Google Scholar and, mentioning “daunting ambiguities,” 254. For reformers' ambivalence into the 1580s, consult Kaufman, , Thinking of the Laity in Late Tudor England (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004), 103–65.Google Scholar

4. Among others, Jagendorf, Zvi, “Coriolanus: Body Politic and Private Parts,” reprinted from Shakespearean Quarterly 41 (1990)Google Scholar, in Coriolanus: Critical Essays, ed. David, Wheeler (New York: Garland, 1995), 239Google Scholar, for “despised carnality”; Munro, Ian, “The City and Its Double: Plague Time in Early Modern England,” English Literary Renaissance 30 (2000): 254–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Stirling, , Populace, 97–150.Google Scholar

5. Gilby, , A Pleasaunt Dialogue conteining a large discourse betweene a souldier of Barwick and an English chaplain (London: [R. Schilders], 1581), C3v.Google Scholar

6. Greenham, , “A Sweet Comfort for an afflicted conscience,” in The Workes of the reverend and faithful servant of Jesus Christ, M. Richard Greenham, ed. Henry, Holland (London: William Welby, 1612), 104Google Scholar. For Greenham's long ministry in Cambridgeshire, see Parker, Kevin L. and Carlson, Eric J., Practical Divinity: The Works and Life of Reverend Richard Greenham (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 1998)Google Scholar. For the prospects for worthy grave men in religious service, see instructions “for the better ordering and direction of ecclesiastical government” in Doctor Williams's Library, Morrice MSS B.1.276 and C.338–39 (hereafter, DWL).

7. Reformed playgoers? True, the puritans' anti-theatrical prejudices were often articulated and have been usefully studied, as has the puritan laity's tendency to ignore sermons and pamphlet literature warning that patronizing plays was tantamount to idolatry. See, for example, Heinemann, Margot, Puritans and Theater: Thomas Middleton and Opposition Drama under the Early Stuarts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Whitfield White, Paul, “Calvinists and Puritan Attitudes under the Early Stuarts,” Explorations in Renaissance Culture 14 (1988): 41–55Google Scholar; O'Connell, Michael, The Idolatrous Eye: Iconoclasm and Theater in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; and Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael, The Antichrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists, and Players in Post-Reformation England (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002).Google Scholar

8. For such support, Reynolds, Bryan, “‘What is the City but the People?’ Transversal Performance and Radical Politics in Shakespeare's Coriolanus and Brecht's Coriolan,” in Shakespeare without Class: Misappropriations of Cultural Capital, ed. Reynolds, and Donald, Hedrick (London: Palgrave, 2000), 112Google Scholar; and, for “uncivility,” Shrank, Cathy, “Civility and the city in Coriolanus,” Shakespeare Quarterly 54 (2004): 414–15Google Scholar. Also see Sorge, Thomas, “The Failure of Orthodoxy in Coriolanus,” in Shakespeare Reproduced: The Text in History and Ideology, ed. Howard, Jean F. and Marion, O'Connor (New York: Methuen, 1987), 235–37Google Scholar; and Hatlen, Burton, “The ‘Noble Thing’ and the ‘Boy of Tears’: Coriolanus and the Embarrassments of Identity,” English Literary Renaissance 27 (1997): 413–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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10. Patterson, , Voice, 120–46Google Scholar; Barton, Anne, “Livy, Machiavelli, and Shakespeare's Coriolanus,” reprinted from Shakespeare Survey (1985) in Shakespeare and Politics, ed. Alexander, Catherine M. S. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 67–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Hadfield, Andrew, Shakespeare and Renaissance Politics (Stratford: Arden, 2004), 14–17, 209–10, 178–81Google Scholar. For Hall's production—my favorite—see Bedford, S. K., “On Both Sides More Respect: A Very British Coriolanus,” in Coriolanus: Critical Essays, ed. David, Wheeler (New York: Garland, 1995), 339–41.Google Scholar

11. Leinwand, Theodore B., “Shakespeare and the Middling Sort,” The Shakespeare Quarterly 44 (1993): 300–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bristol, Michael D., “Lenten Butchery: Legitimation Crisis in Coriolanus,” in Shakespeare Reproduced, 214.Google Scholar

12. Compare Thomas North's translation (1603) of Plutarch's Life of Caius Martius Coriolanus, reprinted in Shakespeare's Plutarch, ed. Skeat, Walter W. (London: MacMillan, 1875), 16–19Google Scholar. Also see Chambers, R. W., “The Expression of Ideas—Particularly Political Ideas—in the Three Pages and in Shakespeare,” in Shakespeare's Hand in the Play of Sir Thomas More, ed. Pollard, A. F. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923), 168–69: “Shakespeare hated and despised the tribunes in Coriolanus with a bitterness he rarely felt towards any of his creatures.”Google Scholar

13. See Tennenhouse, Leonard, “Coriolanus: History and the Crisis of Semantic Order,” Comparative Drama 10 (1977): 333Google Scholar, for “ultimate conservative” and threat; Marcus, Leah, Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 206, for narcissism.Google Scholar

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19. Chalmers Huffman, Clifford, “Coriolanus” in Context (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1972), 139–50, 181–82, 221–22Google Scholar. But, for the nearly inaudible contemporary revival of republicanism, see Peltonen, Markku, Classical Humanism and Republicanism in English Political Thought, 1570–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 51–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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22. See Wilson's, “Against the Grain: Representing the Market in Coriolanus,” The Seventeenth Century 6 (1991): 111–17Google Scholar. For “artist nerves,” see remarks culled from Georg Brandes's William Shakespeare (1895–96) and reprinted in Coriolanus, ed. David, George (London: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004), 272–73.Google Scholar

23. Also, in this connection, see Cefalu's, Paul “End of Absolutism and the Consensual Nature of the Early Modern State,” Renaissance Forum 4:2 (2000): 1–34Google Scholar, where the case for the play's commitment to “a state platform of both negative libertarianism and paternalist centralization” seems to me far less clear and less compelling than arguments against the playwright's involvement with “rigidified class antagonisms” and “embattled, transitional ideologies.”

24. Oxford, Queens College MS 280, 167v.

25. For “immediacy,” George, David, “Plutarch, Insurrection, and Death in Coriolanus” reprinted from Shakespeare Survey 53 (2000) in Shakespeare and Politics, ed. Alexander, Catherine M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 124Google Scholar; for “daring analysis,” Patterson, , Voice, 143.Google Scholar

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27. Collinson, Patrick, A Mirror of Elizabethan Puritanism: The Life and Letters of Godly Master Dering (London: Friends of Dr. Williams's Library, 1964).Google Scholar

28. See Luther's letter to the laity of Leisnig, , D. Martin Luthers Werke, kritische Gesammtausgabe (Weimar: H. Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1900), 11:412.Google Scholar

29. That was what reformers read in Norton's, Thomas translation, The Institution of the Christian Religion written in Latine by John Calvin (London: Vautrollier, 1578), 356r–357r (4.3.15–4.4.2)Google Scholar. For Petrarch's formulation of the “old saw,” cited here, see his Invectiva contra quendam magni status hominem sed nullius scientie aut virtutis, ed. Pier Giorgio, Ricci (Florence: Felice le Monnier, 1949), 15.Google Scholar

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40. Lambeth Palace Library MS 2006, 248r.

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