Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T16:57:58.641Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early Medieval Missionary Activity: A Comparative Study of Eastern and Western Methods*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2011

Richard E. Sullivan
Richard E. Sullivan
Affiliation:
Northeast Missouri State Teachers College
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

One of the more fascinating problems connected with the history of the early Middle Ages is the persistence of similarities and the emergence of differences in the ideas and institutions of the eastern and western remnants of the Roman Empire. Equally intriguing is the related problem of the origins and the nature of the differences which characterize the Slavic and Germanic groups that fell under the influence of the Greeks and the Latins during the early Middle Ages. This paper will attempt to throw some light, on these problems by examining the field of missionary history. It will try to compare the methods employed by the eastern and western missionaries to convert the Slavic and Germanic groups living on the borders of Christendom in the period from about A.D. 600 to 900. Such a comparison might be revealing. It will permit one to see wherein the Greeks and the Latins acted alike or differently as each attacked the same problem. It will also allow one to detect some of the formative forces implanted in the Slavic and Germanic worlds as each underwent the fundamental experience of adopting a new religion.

Type
Research Article
Information
Church History , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , March 1954 , pp. 17 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1954

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. For example, Cedrenus, Georgius, Compendium Historiarum (ed. Bekker, I., Corpus Soriptores Historiae Byzantinae, II [Bonn, 1838], pp. 151–153.Google Scholar

2. For a review of the background of the Greek war on the Bulgare see Bury, J. B., A History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A.D. 802–867) (London, 1912), pp. 381–386; F. Dvornik, Les slaves, Byzance et Rome au IXe siècle (Paris, 1926), pp. 184–189.Google Scholar

3. Dvornik, F., Les legendes de Constantin et de Méthode vues de Byzance (Prague, 1933), pp. 226–235.Google Scholar

4. Photii Patriarchae Constantinopolitani Epistolarum Libri Tres, #8, c. 22–24 Migne, PG, CII, 657–660); to be cited hereafter as Photius, EP. (Migne, PG, CII), with appropriate column numbers.

5. Chapters 2–14 of the Slavic biography of Cyril and chapters 2–5 of the Slavie biography of Methodius. For the text of these chapters in a French translation see Dvornik, , Les legendes de Constantin et de Méthode, pp. 350–373, 384–386.Google Scholar These biographies will be cited hereafter as Vie de Constantin (tr. Dvornik) and Vie de Méthode (tr. Dvornik), with appropriate chapter and page numbers.

6. This story is told in a Slavic legend, entitled Vita Naumi, which was not available for this study; for a review of its contents see Dvornik, , Les slaves, Byzance et Rome au IXe siècle, pp. 298–301.Google Scholar

7. Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Epistolae sive Praefatiiones, #5 (éd. Perels, E. and Laehr, G., MGH, Epistolae, VII, 403–415Google Scholar; this series of MGH will be cited hereafter as Ep.); Nicolae, Vita (Liber pontifiealis, ed. Duchesne, L., [Paris, 1886–1892], Vol. II, 164–167)Google Scholar; Vita Hadriam (ibid., pp. 180–185); Nicholas I, Ep. #100 (ed. Perels, E., MGH, Ep., VI, 601–609)Google Scholar; Hadrian II, EP. #41 (ibid., p. 760).

8. Vie de Constantin, c. 15 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 373–375); Vie de Méthode, c. 5, 8–10 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 385–386, 387–389).

9. As illustrated in Vita s. Clementis Bul-garorum archiepiscopi, c. 14–17 (Migne, PG, CXXVI, 1217–1224).

10. For evidence of Methodius' difficulties stemming from his political connections see Vie de Méthode, c. 9–10, 12 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 388–390); John VIII, Fragmenti Registri, #14–24 (ed. Caspar, E., MGH, Ep., VII, 280–287)Google Scholar; John VIII, Ep. #200–201, 255, 276 (Ibid., 160–161, 222–224, 243–244).

11. The sources cited in note 7, above, show that Boris' alliance with Rome caused the Greek missionaries to be driven out of Bulgaria.

12. Vie de Méthode, c. 5 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 385–386); Vie de Constantin, c. 14 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 372–373).

13. See Buneiman, Steven, A History of the First Bulgar Empire (London, 1930), pp. 25–70Google Scholar; Miller, William in Cambridge Medieval History, IV (New York, 1923), pp. 230–245Google Scholar; Bury, , A History, of the Eastern Roman Empire, pp. 332–374.Google Scholar

14. Runeiman, , op. cit., pp. 137–143Google Scholar; Spinka, Matthew, A History of Christianity in the Balkans (Chicago, c. 1933), pp. 47–56.Google Scholar

15. Photius, Ep., Lib. II, #95 (Migne, PG, CII, 904–905).

16. Spinka, , op. cit., p. 49.Google Scholar

17. Wiedemann, H., Die Sachsenbekehrung Veröffentlichungen des international Instituts für missionswissenschaftliche Studien, ed. Sehmidlin, J., neue Reihe, V [Münster i. W., 1932]Google Scholar; Halphen, Louis, “La conquête de la Saxe” in Études critiques sur l'histoire de Charlemagne (Paris, 1921),. pp. 145–218Google Scholar; Hauck, Albert, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, II (3. and 4. Aufl., Leipzig, 1912), pp. 371–424.Google Scholar

18. The essential sources dealing with the assistance offered to Willibrord by these two rulers include Chronicarum … Fredegarii … Libri IV cum Continuationibus, c. 8, 17 (ed. Kruseh, B., MGH, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, II, 172, 176Google Scholar; this series of MGH will be cited hereafter as SS. rer. Merov.); Aleuin, Vita Willibrordi (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII, 81–141)Google Scholar; Bede, , Ecclesiastical History of England, V. c. 10Google Scholar (ed. J. A. Giles [London, 1903], pp. 249–250; this will be cited hereafter as Bede (ed. Giles), with appropriate book, chapter, and page numbers).

19. Hauck, , Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, II, 690–693.Google Scholar

20. Bede, I, c. 25, 26, 33; II, c. 2, 3, 14–17 (ed. Giles, pp. 36–40, 60–61, 68–74, 96–102).

21. To document this point with, even a fair representation of eases illustrating the material support gained by western missionaries would involve much more space than is available in this article. Therefore, no attempt will be made to do so. Let it be said, however, that one can hardly turn a page of the rather voluminous hagiography connected with missionary activity without finding reference to this kind of assistance.

22. Bede, I, c. 25–26 (ed. Giles, pp. 36–40).

23. Aleuin, , Vita Willibrordi, c. 9Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII, 123–124).Google Scholar

24. Rimbert, , Vita Anskarii, c. 26–27Google Scholar (ed. Waitz, G., MGH, Soriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum [Hanover, 1884], pp. 55–59Google Scholar; this series of MGH will be cited as SS. rer. Germ, in usum schol.).

25. The essential sources referring to Boniface's heavy responsibility in organizing his own projects include Bonifatii et Lulli Epistolae (ed. Tangl, Michael, Die Briefe des heiligen Bonifatius und Lullus, MGH, Epistolae Seleotae, I [Berlin, 1916]Google Scholar; to be cited hereafter as Boniface, Ep. (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I)Google Scholar, with appropriate letter and page numbers); and Willibald, Vita Bonifatii (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer, Germ, in usum schol. [Hanover, 1905], pp. 1–58).Google Scholar

26. Bede, V., c. 10 (ed. Giles, pp. 249–251); Aleuin, , Vita Willibrordi, c. 5, ff.Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII. 120, ff.).Google Scholar

27. Diplomata maiorum domus e stirpe Arnul-forum, #5–9, 11–13 (ed. Pertz, G., MGH, Diplomata Imperii, I, 94–101)Google Scholar; MGH, Diplomata karolinorum, #4 (ed. E. Mühlbacher, pp. 6–7); Monumenta Ep-ternacensia (ed. Weiland, L., MGH, Soriptores, XXIII, 50–65)Google Scholar; Poncelet, Albertus, ‘La “Testament” de Saint Willibrord,’; Analecta Bollandiana, XXV (1906), 163–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28. Hauck, , Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, II, 354–371.Google Scholar

29. Liudger, , Vita Gregoru, c. 11Google Scholar (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Soriptores, XV, 76–79)Google Scholar; Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 1–9Google Scholar (ed. Diekamp, Wilhelm, Gesehiohts-quellen des Bisthums Münster, IV. [Münster, 1881], pp. 6–14).Google Scholar

80. Vita Lebuini antiqua (ed. Hofmeister, A., MGH, Soriptores, XXX, 2, 789–795)Google Scholar; Hucbald, Vita Sancti Lebwini (Migne, , PL, CXXXII, 875–894)Google Scholar; Vita Willehadi (ed. Poncelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 842–851).Google Scholar

31. Altfrid, Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I; c. 25, 29 (ed. W. Diekamp, pp. 30,34).

32. For examples, see Codex Carolinus, #6, 17, 24, 26, 35, 37, 39, 42, 50, 62 (ed. Gundlach, W., MGH, Ep., III, 488–489Google Scholar, 514–517, 528–529, 530–531, 542–543, 547–550, 551–552, 554–555, 570, 589–590).

33. See the works cited in note 17, above.

34. Concilia aevi karolini, I, #20 (ed. A. Werminghoff, MGH, Leges, Sectio III, Tomus II1, pp. 172–176); Aleuin, , Ep. #107, 110Google Scholar, 111, 113 (ed. Dümmler, E., MGH, EP., IV, 153–154Google Scholar, 156–166).

35. Hauek, , Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, II, 711–726Google Scholar; Dümmler, Ernst, Geschichte des Ostfränkischen Seiches, 3 Bd. (2.Aufl., Leipzig, 1887–1888)Google Scholar, passim.

36. Willibald, , Vita Bonifatii, c. 4Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Germ, in usum sehol., pp. 16–17)Google Scholar; Vita Willehadi, c. 6 (ed. Poncelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 844)Google Scholar; Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 21Google Scholar (ed. W. Diekamp, p. 25).

37. Abel, Sigurd and Simson, Bernhard, Jahrbücher des fränkischen Beiches unter Karl dem Grossen, I (2. Aufl., Leipzig, 1883)Google Scholar, passim; II (Leipzig, 1883), passim, for a record of these wars.

38. Annales regni Francorum, a. 795, 797, 798, 804 (ed. Kurze, F., MGH, SS. rer. Germ. in usum schol. [Hanover, 1895], pp. 96Google Scholar, 100, 104, 118).

39. Aleuin, , Ep. #112, 113Google Scholar, 174 (ed. Dümmler, E., MGH, Ep., IV, 162–166, 289).Google Scholar

40. MGH, Capitularia, I, #26 (ed. A. Boretius, pp. 68–70).

41. Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 23–24Google Scholar (ed. W. Diekamp, pp. 27–29); Vita Willehadi, c. 8–9 (ed. Poncelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 845).Google Scholar

42. Among the missionaries famed as chureh builders under particularly difficult conditions were Willibrord (Aleuin, , Vita Willibrordi, c. 12Google Scholar, ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII, 126–127)Google Scholar; Boniface in Hesse and Thuringia (Boniface, , Ep. #24, 25Google Scholar, ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 42–44Google Scholar; Willibald, , Vita Bonifatii, c. 5–6Google Scholar, ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Germ, in usum schol., pp. 18–36)Google Scholar; Liudger in northern Frisia (Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 17–24Google Scholar, ed. W. Diekamp, pp. 21–29); Augustine and Paulinus in England (Bede, I, c. 33; II, c. 3, 14–16, ed. Giles, pp. 60–61,' 72–74, 96–101); Willehad in Frisia and Saxony (Vita Willehadi, c. 5, ed. Poncelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 844)Google Scholar; Sturavi in southern Saxony (Eigilis, , Vita Sturmi, c. 22Google Scholar, ed. Pertz, G., MGH, Scriptores, II, 376)Google Scholar; the Bavarian missionaries sent into Carinthia (De conversione Bagoariprum et Carawtanorum libellus, c. 5 (ed. Wattenbaeh, W., MGH, Scriptores, XI, 7–8).Google Scholar

43. Nun of Heidenheim, , Vita Wynnebaldi, c. 7Google Scholar, ff. (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Scriptores, XV, 111, ff.)Google Scholar; Eigilis, , Vita Sturmi, c. 13Google Scholar (ed. Pertz, G., MGH, Scriptores, II, 370–371)Google Scholar; Vita secunda s. Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 28–30 (ed. W. Diekamp, pp. 74–78).

44. Lupus, , Vita Wigberti, c. 9Google Scholar (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Scriptores, XV, 41).Google Scholar

45. Nun of Heidenheim, Vita Wynnebaldi, c. 11–12Google Scholar (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Seriptores, XV, 115)Google Scholar; Eigilis, , Vita Sturmi, c. 20Google Scholar (ed. Pertz, G., MGH, Seriptores, II, 375).Google Scholar

46. Liudger, , Vita Gregorii, c. 11Google Scholar (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Seriptores, XV, 75–76)Google Scholar; Lupus, , Vita Wigberti, c. 5–6Google Scholar (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Seriptores, XV, 39–40).Google Scholar

47. For examples of Boniface's interest in books and learning while he was engaged in missionary work see Boniface, Ep. #9, 27, 30, 34, 63, 76, 91, 96, 103 (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 4–7Google Scholar, 47–49, 54, 58–59, 128–132, 158–159, 206–208, 216–217, 225–227).

48. Jonas, Vita Columbani (ed. Krusch, B., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., IV, 65–108.Google Scholar

49. Vie de Constantin, c. 4–5, 13 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 352–354, 371–372).

50. ibid., c. 15, p. 373; Vie de Méthode, c. 5 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 385–386).

51. Vita s. dementis, c. 4 (Migne, , PG, CXXVI, 1200–1201).Google Scholar

52. Vie de Méthode, c. 8, 10 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 387, 389); Vie de Constantin, c. 15 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 374–375).

53. Vie de Méthode, c. 8 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 387–388).

54. John VIII, Ep. #200–201 (ed. Caspar, E., MGH, Ep., VII, 160–161).Google Scholar

55. Vie de Méthode, c. 9 (tr. Dvornik, p. 388); De conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum libellus, c. 12–14 (ed. Wattenbach, W., MGH, Seriptores, XI, 13–14).Google Scholar

56. Migne, , PG, CII, 722–737.Google Scholar

57. Vita s. Clementis, c. 18 (Migne, , PG, CXXVI, 1224–1225).Google Scholar

58. Dvornik, , Les slaves, Byzance et Rome au IXe siècle, pp. 312–322Google Scholar; Runciman, , A History of the First Bulgar Empire, pp. 137–143.Google Scholar

59. Vie de Méthode, c. 17 (tr. Dvornik, p. 392); Vita s. Clementis, c. 12 (Migne, , PG, CXXVI, 1216–1217).Google Scholar

60. ibid., c. 18, 1224–1225.

61. Vie de Méthode, c. 15 (tr. Dvornik, p. 391).

62. Photius, Ep., Lib. I, #8, c. 1–3 (Migne, , PG, CII, 628–629).Google Scholar

63. ibid., c. 4–21, 629–657.

64. Nicholas I, Ep. #99 (ed. Perels, E., MGH, Ep., VI, 568–600).Google Scholar

65. ibid., c. 59, p. 588: “Femoralibus.“

66. Por some typical examples of these disputes see Photius, , Ep. (Migne PG, CII, 725–736)Google Scholar; Vie de Méthode, c. 12 (tr. Dvornik, p. 390); Vita s. Clementis, c. 5. 8, 9, 10 Migne, PG, CXXVI, 1201, 1204, 1208–1209, 1212–1213); Stephan V, Epistolae passim Collectae, quotquot ad res Germanicas spectant, #1 (ed. Laehr, G., MGH, Ep., VII, 355–358)Google Scholar; Stephan V, Fragmenti Regestri, #33 (ed. Caspar, E., MGH, Ep., VII, 353)Google Scholar; Nicholas I, Ep. #99, 100 (ed. Perels, E., MGH, Ep., VI, 568–600, 603–604).Google Scholar

67. Vita s. Clementis, c. 10 (Mighe, , PG, CXXVI, 1213).Google Scholar Proof of Svatopluk's involvement is clearly indicated in the papal letters concerning these disputes; see those of Stephan V, cited above in note 66, and John VIII, Ep. #200, 255 (ed. Caspar, E., MGH, Ep., VII, 160, 222–224).Google Scholar

68. Vita s. Clementis, c. 10 (Migne, , PG, CXXVI, 1228–1229).Google Scholar

69. Vie de Constantin, c. 14 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 372–373); Vie de Méthode, c. 5 (tr. Dvornik, 385–386).

70. The basic source for this point is Vie de Constantin, c. 14 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 372–373). The bibliography on the subject is too vast to provide even a representative selection here.

71. ibid. c. 14, pp. 372–373.

72. ibid. c. 15, p. 373; Vie de Méthode, c. 15 (tr. Dvornik, p. 391).

73. ibid., c. 15, p. 391; Vie de Constantin, c. 15 (tr. Dvornik, p. 373).

74. For instance, western missionaries were deeply concerned with teaching; see Alcuin, , Vita Willibrordi, c. 9Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII, 123–124)Google Scholar; De conversione Bagoariorum et Carantanorum libellus, c. 4 (ed. Wattenbach, W., MGH, Seriptores, XI, 7)Google Scholar; Vita Willehadi, c. 2 (ed. Poncelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 843)Google Scholar; Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 5, 9–12Google Scholar ed. W. Diekamp, pp. 10, 14–17); Bede, I, c. 26 (ed. Giles, p. 39); Rimbert, , Vita Anskarii, c. 8Google Scholar, 24 (ed. Waitz, G., MGH, SS. rer. Germ, in usum schol., 30Google Scholar, 52–53); Liudger, , Vita Gregorii, c 11Google Scholar (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Seriptores, XV, 75)Google Scholar; Lupus, , Vita Wigberti, c. 5–6Google Scholar (MGH, Seriptores, XV, 39–40). They also educated native clergy; Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 1–12Google Scholar (ed. W. Diekamp, pp. 6–17); Liudger, , Vita Gregorii, c. 11Google Scholar (ed. Holder-Egger, O., MGH, Seriptores, XV, 75–76)Google Scholar; Eigilis, , Vita Sturmi, c. 2Google Scholar (ed. Pertz, G., MGH, Seriptores, II, 366)Google Scholar; Rimbert, , Vita Anskcrii, c. 8Google Scholar (ed. Waitz, G., MGH, SS. rer. Germ, in usum schol., p. 30).Google Scholar

75. Alcuia, Ep. #110–113 (ed. Dümmler, E., MGH, Ep., IV, 156–166).Google Scholar

76. For typical examples of the destruction of pagan temples and idols see Vita Amandi, I, c. 15 (ed. Krusch, B., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., V, 439)Google Scholar; Vita Eligii, Lib. II, c. 8 (ed. Krusch, B., op. cit., IV, 700)Google Scholar; Vita Hugberti, c. 3 (ed. Levison, W., op. cit., VI, 484–485)Google Scholar; Alenin, , Vita Willibrordi, c. 10. 14Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., op. cit., VII, 124–125, 128)Google Scholar; Willibald, , Vita Bonifatii, c. 6, 8Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Germ, in usum sehol., pp. 31–32Google Scholar, 47); Vita Willehadi, c. 4 (ed. Poneelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 843)Google Scholar; Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 16Google Scholar, 22 (ed. W. Diekamp, pp. 20, 26); Eigilis, , Vita Sturmi, c. 22Google Scholar (ed., Pertz, G., MGH, Seriptores, II, 376).Google Scholar

77. Bede, II, c. 13 (ed. Giles, pp. 95–96).

78. Alcuin, , Vita Willibrordi, c. 10Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII, 124–125)Google Scholar; Gregory I, Beg. XI, #56 (ed. Ewald, P. and Hartmann, L., MGH, Ep., II, 331).Google Scholar

79. Vita Willehadi, c. 3 (ed. Poneelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 843)Google Scholar; Aleuin, , Vita Willibrordi, c. 10–11Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII, 124–126).Google Scholar

80. For some sample appeals for Frankish rulers to use military attacks on pagans see Boniface, Ep. #120 (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 256)Google Scholar; Angilbertus, , De conversione Saxomim carmen, v. 27–29Google Scholar, 37–46, 48, 56–62 (ed. Dümmler, E., MGH, Poetae latini aevi carolini, I, 380–381)Google Scholar; Codex Carolinas, #17, 24, 26, 35, 37, 39, 42, 50, 62 (ed. Gundlach, W., MGH, Ep., III, 514–517Google Scholar, 528–529, 531, 542–543, 547–550, 551–552, 554–555, 570, 589–590); Aleuin, , Ep. #119, 171Google Scholar (ed. Dümmler, E., MGH, Ep., IV, 174, 282).Google Scholar

81. Bede, I, c. 25; V. c. 10 (ed. Giles, pp. 38, 250); Altfrid, , Vita Liudgeri, Lib. I, c. 22Google Scholar (ed. W. Diekamp, p. 26).

82. Vita Lebuini antiqua, c. 4–6 (ed. Hofmeister, A., MGH, Scriptures, XXX2, 793–794)Google Scholar; Hucbald, , Vita Sancti Lebwini c. 8–13Google Scholar (Migne, , PL, CXXXII, 884–890)Google Scholar; Vita Wulframni, c. 9 (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., V. 668).Google Scholar

83. For some samples of thinking on this subject see Alcuin, Ep. #107 (ed. Dümmler, E., MGH, Ep., IV, 153–154)Google Scholar; Ratio de cathecizandis rudibus, c. iii (ed. Heer, Joseph Michael, Ein karol-ingischer Missions-Katechismus, [Freiburg im Breisgau, 1911], pp. 82–83)Google Scholar; Pirmin, De singulis libris canonicis scar-apsus (Migne, , PL, LXXXIX, 1041–1042)Google Scholar; Rudolph, of Fulda, , Translatio s. Alexandri, c. 2–3Google Scholar (ed. Pertz, G., MGH, Scriptores, II, 675–676)Google Scholar; Vita Wille-hadi, c. 3 (ed. Poneelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 843)Google Scholar; Boniface, , Ep. #26, 28Google Scholar, 32, 50, 51 (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 44–47Google Scholar, 49–52, 55–56, 80–92); Ermoldus Nigellue, In honorem Hludowici carmen, Lib. IV, v. 1947–1957 (ed. Farai, E., Les classiques de l'histoire de France au Moyen Age [Paris, 1932], p. 148).Google Scholar

84. Boniface, , Ep. #23Google Scholar (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 38–41)Google Scholar; Ratio de cathe-cizandis rudibus, c. vi (ed. J. Heer, pp. 87–88); Hucbald, , Vita Sancti Lebwini, c. 12Google Scholar (Migne, , PL, CXXXII, 889)Google Scholar; Pope Boniface V's letter to Edwin of North-umbria in Bede, II, c. 10 (ed. Giles, 85–88).

85. Boniface, , Ep. #23Google Scholar (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 38–41)Google Scholar; Nigellus, Ermoldus, In honorem Hludowici carmen, Lib, IV, v. 1911–1945Google Scholar (ed. E. Farai, pp. 146, 148).

86. Boniface, , Ep. #21Google Scholar (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 35–36)Google Scholar; Ratio de cathecizandis rudibus, c. vi (ed. J. Heer, pp. 87–88); Vita WiUehadi, c. 3 (ed. Poneelet, A., Acta Sanctorum, Nov., III, 843)Google Scholar; Alcuin, , Vita Willibrorai, c. 11Google Scholar (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., VII, 125).Google Scholar

87. Alcnin, , Ep. #110Google Scholar (ed. Dümmler, E., MGH, Ep., IV, 158–159)Google Scholar; Vita Wulframni, c. 9 (ed. Levison, W., MGH, SS. rer. Merov., V, 668)Google Scholar; Boniface, , Ep. #10Google Scholar (ed. Tangl, M., MGH, Ep. Select., I, 7–15).Google Scholar

88. Gregory I, Beg. XI, #56 (ed. Ewald, P. and Hartmann, L., MGH, Ep., II, 331).Google Scholar

89. Rimbert, , Vita Amicarii, c. 27Google Scholar (ed. Waitz, G., MGH, SS. rer. Germ, in usum schpl., p. 58).Google Scholar

90. Stephanus, Eddius, The Life of Bishop Wilfrid, c. 26Google Scholar (text, translation, and notes by Bertram Colgrave [Cambridge, England, 1927], p. 52).

91. Bede, II, c. 5–6 (ed. Giles, pp. 76–79).

92. ibid., II, c. 9, 13, pp. 84–85, 94–95.

93. See above, note 85, for references illustrating how the Christian version of the origin and development of the world ought to be explained to pagans.

94. Vie de Constantin, c. 17–18 (tr. Dvornik, pp. 378–380); Vita (sancti Cyrilli) cum translatione s. Clementis, c. 8–12 (Acta Sanctorum, Martius. II. 21–22)