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Towards the Forging of a Chinese University Ethos: Zhendan and Fudan, 1903–1919

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2009

Ruth Hayhoe
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Extract

Fudan is one of China's few universities to survive the vicissitudes of this century's political upheavals, with a tradition of almost 80 years' standing. Many of the colleges which sprung up at the same time perished with the 1911 Revolution, and others of similar character disappeared in the reorganization of Chinese higher education in 1952. It may be significant, therefore, that Fudan was chosen by Chinese Communist leaders to become one of the main comprehensive universities for south China in 1952, which suggests that certain aspects of the tradition for which it was known were considered acceptable and worthy of continuation under the new people's government. Perhaps its development had demonstrated some small measure of success in the exacting task facing Chinese higher education in this century, that of creating a modern Chinese-style university on the ruins of the traditional education system whose values persisted in spite of the abolition of the Imperial examinations in 1905, the year in which Fudan was born.

Type
Research Notes
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 94 , June 1983 , pp. 323 - 341
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 1983

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References

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61. These details are found in a number of school histories including one by Cheng Cangbo in Qiyun, Zhang, Zhonghua Minguo Daxue zhi, pp. 135–41Google Scholar, in the yearly Fuh-tan Banner, and most recently in great detail in a 70th anniversary souvenir published in Taiwan, entitled Fudan Daxue chuangxiao qishi zhounian jinian, Taiwan, 1975Google Scholar (privately published by Fudan alumni).

62. For details of Li Denghui's background, there is an article by his student and successor, Yi, Zhang, in Zhongguo jiaoyujia chuanlue, Siping Shifan Xueyuan, Jilin province, 1981Google Scholar.

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66. This information comes from Professor Zhang Yi, now at Shandong Teachers' University, who came to Fudan as a result of the May 4th Movement in 1919, later returned to teach, and finally became principal from 1942–52. In a letter to the author, 29 August 1982, he described the teaching style used at that time: “The recitation method used at that time was something like this: assignments were made on the textbook and the students were required to get ready to answer questions put forth by the instructor on the next session. … The lecture method was not in vogue at that time. It was used only occasionally by a few instructors when I was a student, but by the time I returned as a teacher, lecturing became the dominant method of teaching.”

67. The Fuh-tan Banner, Vol. II, 07 1980Google Scholar. Hu Hanmin was listed in this annual as honorary lecturer in logic and ethics, Dai Jitao as honorary lecturer in economics, but Professor Zhang Yi never recollects either of them actually appearing on campus.

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69. It was entitled first Fudan, then Fudan jikan (The Fun-tan Students' Quarterly), from 1921–24, and had sections in both Chinese and English. Copies of the 1918 edition and most editions from 1921–24 are still available in the Fudan Library, Shanghai.

70. For accounts written by two Fudan students involved in the May 4th Movement, see: Zhonghua, Zhu, “Wu si yundong zai Shanghai,” Wu si yundong huiyilu (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehuikexue Chubanshe, 1979), pp. 265–73Google Scholar; and Tinghao, Zhang, “Canjia wu si yundong dehuiyi,” Wenshi ziliao xuanji, Vol. 5 (Shanghai, 1969), pp. 28–32Google Scholar.

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73. The two most significant writers were Li Chuanshi and Guo Renyuan. In an interview with Professor Zhou Gucheng of Fudan's History Department in February 1982, Professor Zhou said Li made an important contribution to the popularization of classical economic theory in China. The fact that he later worked with the puppet government under the Japanese in Shanghai naturally marred his academic reputation. Li's publications include: Jingji xue ABC (Shanghai: Shijie Shuju, 1928)Google Scholar; Caizheng xue ABC (Shanghai: Shijie Shuju, 1928)Google Scholar; Xiaofei lun (Shanghai: Dongnan Shudian, 1928)Google Scholar; Shengchan lun (Shanghai: Dongnan Shudian, 1928)Google Scholar; Jingji xue (Shanghai: Liming Shuju, 1930)Google Scholar; Caizhengxue yuanli, 2 vols. (Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1933)Google Scholar; Shangye jiaoyu (Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1933)Google Scholar; Xiandai zhongguo jingji sixiang (Shanghai: Zhonghua Shuju, 1934)Google Scholar; and Zhongguo jingjishi gaiyao (Shanghai: Zhongguo Lianhe Gongsi, 1944)Google Scholar. Guo's publications included his own original research in behaviourism, texts for college and secondary school use and popular series: Xinlixue yichuan (Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1929)Google Scholar; Xinlixue luncong (Shanghai: Kaiming Shudian, 1928)Google Scholar; Xingweixue de jichu (Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1927)Google Scholar; Reniei de xing wei (Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1923)Google Scholar; and Xinlixue ABC (Shanghai: Shijie Shuju, 1928)Google Scholar.

74. Chen Wangdao's collected works have recently been compiled and edited by Fudan's Chinese department: Chen Wangdao wenji (Shanghai: Renmin Chubanshe, 1979), 3 volsGoogle Scholar.

75. The writer had the opportunity of interviewing two former Fudan students who went to Fudan in 1919 as a direct result of the May 4th Movement. Mr Xi Yulin had been expelled from Huatong Gongxue, and entered Fudan's Conunerce Department. He became an influential accountant in Shanghai, was elected to the Board of the International Settlement in 1936, and in 1941 became an executive member of the People's Political Council in Chongqing. Professor Zhang Yi had been expelled from St. John's Middle School where he had been preparing for a career in medicine. After joining Fudan he decided to devote his life to education somewhat in the spirit of Lu Xun's celebrated conversion from medicine to literature. He described the May 4th Movement as a turning-point in his own life and in the development of Fudan, as several of the students who joined Fudan with him that year committed themselves to making Fudan into an educational institution of which China could be proud.

76. Nanxuan, Wu, “Qishinianlai Fudan lixiao techu de chuantong jingshen,” Wu Nanxuan xiansheng shishi zhounian jinian chuanji, Taiwan, 1981, pp. 135–38Google Scholar. (This was privately published by friends and relatives of Wu Nanxuan not long after his death.)