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20. Ibid. p. 56.

21. Ibid. pp. 66–68.

22. For a presentation of this and other such institutions, see Clausen, Søren and Thøgersen, Stig, The Making of a Chinese City.Google Scholar

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27. Ibid.

28. Chengdong, Liu, “The day of the establishment of the administration should be the commemoration day of Harbin.”Google Scholar

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30. I borrow this formulation from Dirlik, Arif, “Place-based imagination: globalism and the politics of place,” p. 15, n. 22.Google Scholar

31. Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity at Large, p. 49.Google Scholar

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