^1. This point was stressed in “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on reform of the economic structure” (Adopted by the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at its Third Plenary Session on 20 October 1984), Beijing Review, Vol. 27, No. 44 (29 October 1984), p. VI.

^2. Chinese authorities apparently have no fixed criteria for including industries in the category “large and medium-scale.” The number so classified has been variously set at 3,000 [Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report, People's Republic of China (hereafter, FBIS-CHI), 15 June 1984, p. 17]; 5,000 (FBIS-CHI, 15 February 1985, p. K6); and 7,000 [Beijing Review, Vol. 29, No. 15 (14 April 1986), p. 26].

^3. Stephen, Andors, Chinay's Industrial Revolution: Politics, Planning and Management, 1949 to the Present (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977), p. 59;Google ScholarJin, Guangwen, “Jiaqiang he gaishan dang dui qiye de lingdao” (“Strengthen and reform Party leadership over the enterprise”), Jingji guanli (Economic Management), No. 7 (07 1981), p. 3;Google ScholarJi, Zhong, “Zongjie lishi jingyan, shixing changzhang fuzezhi” (“Sum up historical experience, implement the factory director responsibility system”), Jingji guanli, No. 6 (06 1984), p. 3.Google Scholar

^4. William, Brugger, Democracy and Organisation in the Chinese Industrial Enterprise (1948–1953) (Cambridge, London, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 251.Google Scholar

^5. See discussion in Franz, Schurmann, Ideology and Organization in Communist China (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966), p. 278.Google Scholar

^6. Andors, , China's Industrial Revolution, p. 64.Google Scholar

^7. Ji, Zhong, “Sum up historical experience,” p. 20.Google Scholar

^8. Jin, Guangwen, “Strengthen and reform Party leadership,” p. 3.Google Scholar

^9. Andors, , China's Industrial Revolution, pp. 134, 163.Google Scholar

^10. Ibid. Chs. 7–8.

^11. See, for example, Yuan, Baohua, “Zuohao changzhang fuzezhi shidian gongzuo, yingjie jianguo sanshiwu zhounian” (“Do a good job of experimenting with the factory director responsibility system, greet the 35th anniversary of the founding of the PRC”), Qiye guanli (Enterprise Management), No. 10 (10 1984), p. 3.Google Scholar

^12. Ma, Hong, “Guanyugaige gongye qiye lingdao zhidu de tantao” (“Some tentative remarks on reforming the industrial enterprise leadership system”), Jingji guanli, No. 12 (December 1980), p. 14.Google Scholar

^13. A good review of the early stages of industrial reform may be found in Andrew, Walder, “The post-Mao industrial reforms: economic administration and enterprise management,” in Chen, Edward K.Y. and Chin, Steve S.K. (eds.), Development and Change in China (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1981), pp. 71–90.Google Scholar For a more recent survey, see Solinger, Dorothy J., “Industrial reform: decentralization, differentiation, and the difficulties,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Winter 1986), pp. 105–118.Google Scholar

^14. On this point, see Shirk, Susan L., “The politics of industrial reform,” in Perry, Elizabeth J. and Christine, Wong (eds.), The Political Economy of Reform in Post-Mao China (Cambridge, Mass, and London: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1985), p. 218;Google Scholar and Dernberger, Robert F., “Mainland China's economic system: a new model or variations on an old theme?” Issues and Studies, Vol. 21, No. 4 (04 1985), pp. 61–62.Google Scholar

^15. Andrew, Walder, drawing on the work of Hungarian economist Janos Kornai, suggests that under conditions of partial reform, enterprise leaders tend to operate within “soft budget constraints” and are considerably more sensitive to the needs oftheir immediate bureaucratic superiors than they are to the criteria of efficiency and profitability [“China turns to industry reform,” Challenge, No. 28 (03/04 1985), pp. 42–47].Google Scholar

^16. Gao, Hongde and Feng, Subao, “Guanyu quanmin suoyouzhi qiye changzhang shenfen wenti de diaocha” (“Investigation into questions regarding the role of factory directors in enterprises owned by the whole people”), Jingji guanli, No. 10 (1986), p. 27.Google Scholar

^17. Deng, Xiaoping, “On the reform of the system of Party and state leadership (18 August 1980),“ in Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1975–1982) (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1984), pp. 311–12, 323.Google Scholar

^18. For a discussion of these issues, see Ma, Hong, “Some tentative remarks,” pp. 15–16.Google Scholar

^19. See supra, fn. 17.

^20. Liu, Zhinan, “Zenyang danghao dangwei shuji” (“How to be a good Party committee secretary”), Qiye guanli, No. 5 (1982), pp. 25–26.Google Scholar See also, Ren, Liliang, “Several theoretical problems in adopting the system of responsibility for management: on studying Lenin's notes on the relevant theories,” Shengye kuaiji (Business Accounting), No. 2 (02 1982),Google Scholar in Joint Publications Research Service, China Report, Economic Affairs (hereafter, JPRS-CREA), No. 234, 21 May 1982 (JPRS, No. 80879), p. 16; and Jiang, Yiwei, “Overall reorganization is a constructive reorganization: part III,” Jingji guanli, No. 5 (05 1982), in JPRS-CREA, No. 246. 12 July 1982 (JPRS, No. 81252), pp. 1–12.Google Scholar

^21. “Guoying gongchang changzhang gongzuo zhanxing tiaoli” (“Temporary regulations governing the work of directors of state-owned enterprises”) (2 January 1982), Art. 3, Zhonghua renmin gongheguo guowuyuan gongbao (Bulletin of the Slate Council, People's Republic of China) (hereafter, GWYGB), 1982, p. 36.

^22. Ibid. Art. 10.

^23. Shen, Tongwen, “Zijue jieshou dangwei lingdao, zhichi zhigong minzhu guanli” (“Conscientiously accept the leadership of the Party committee, uphold democratic management by staff and workers”), Jingji guanli, No. 10 (10 1983), p. 47.Google Scholar

^24. Zhonggong, Shenyangshi wei qiye lingdao zhidu gaige shidian diaoyan zu (Shenyang municipal Party committee group for investigating enterprise leadership reform experiments), “Gaige qiye xianxing lingdao zhidu, nenggou gaishan he jiaqiang dang de lingdao” (“By reforming existing enterprise leadership systems, we can improve and strengthen party leadership”), Jingji guanli, No. 6 (06 1981), p. 61.Google Scholar

^25. Ibid.

^26. In fact, a recent article in Renmin ribao (People's Daily) suggests that “as early s 1980, a central leading comrade” proposed that the Party committee, in effect, be displaced by the factory director as the enterprise leading core. “Some comrades misconceived it as an attempt to weaken Party leadership in the enterprises and found it difficult to accept.” As a consequence, the leadership took a relatively modest step in reform. See Xiao, Liang, “Implementing the plant director responsibility system is a major reform in the leadership system of enterprises,” Renmin ribao, 17 03 1986, in FBIS-CHI, 1 April 1986, p. K7.Google Scholar

^27. Jiang, Yiwei, “Overall reorganization,” p. 6.Google Scholar

^28. Gao, Baoyi, “Renzhen guanche sange tiaoli, jianquan qiye lingdao zhidu” (“Conscientiously implement the three sets of regulations, perfect the enterprise leadership system”), Jingji guanli, No. 2 (02 1983), p. 24.Google Scholar

^29. The following description comes mainly from Shanghaishi maojin beidan gongye gongsi (Shanghai Municipal Cotton Sheet Manufacturing Company), “Dangzheng fengong hou ruhe chuli shuji yu changzhang de quanxi” (“How to manage relations between Party secretary and factory director after the separation of Party and administration”), Jingji guanli, No. 4 (April 1983), pp. 49–53.

^30. “Temporary regulations governing the work of directors at state-owned enterprises,” pp. 35–40.

^31. Zhonggong, Benxi gangtie gongsi weiyuanhui (CCP Committee, Benxi Iron and Steel Works), “Gaohao dangzheng fengong, gaishan he jiaqiang dang dui qiye de lingdao” (“Handle well the separation of Party and administration, improve and strengthen Party leadership over the enterprise”), Jingji guanli, No. 6 (06 1982), pp. 30–34.Google Scholar

^32. Zhonggong, Shenyangshi wei, “By reforming existing enterprise leadership systems,” pp. 63–64.Google Scholar

^33. Ibid.

^34. Yang, Delin, “Tantan zenyang danghao qiye dangwei shuji” (“Some comments on how to succeed as an enterprise Party secretary”), Qiye guanli. No. 1 (01 1983), p. 35.Google Scholar

^35. Ibid. p. 37. For comments by another generally “intrusive” Party secretary, see Zhou, Youkui, “Dangzheng fengong hou, wo shi zenyang dang qiye dangwei shuji de” (“How I handled the job of enterprise Party secretary after the separation of Party and administration”), Jingji guanli. No. 8 (08 1982), pp. 52–53.Google Scholar

^36. See, for example, the various complaints voiced in Xiang, Jingxi and Yuan, Jinxin, “Qiye dang zuzhi de gongzuo ruhe gaige?” (“How should we reform the work of enterprise Party organizations?”), Jingji guanli, No. 8 (08 1984), pp. 34–36.Google Scholar

^37. See, for example, Chengdu changzhang yanjiuhui (Chengdu Factory Directors' Research Institute), “Shixing changzhang fuzezhi hao” (“Do well in implementing the factory director responsibility system”), Qiye guanli, No. 7 (07 1984), p. 55. For two graphic accounts of how enterprise managers were hounded by uncooperative Party officials, see Xinhua (in English), 25 April 1985, in Joint Publications Research Service, China Economic Affairs (hereafter, JPRS-CEA), 85–046, 17 May 1985, pp. 20–21; and Chen, Xingkong, “Zhengfu changzhang weishemma yao cizhi?” (Why do the factory director and his deputy want to resign?), Renmin ribao, 16 07 1984.Google Scholar

^38. See, for example, the discussion in Zhonggong, Benxi gangtie gongsi weiyuanhui, “Handle well the separation,” p. 33.Google Scholar Further evidence of the fear of managers to assert themselves was their apparent reluctance to accept rewards when due; see Zhang, Xiaobei, “Some managers ‘afraid’ to accept just rewards,” China Daily, 1 02 1985, in FBIS-CHI, 1 February 1985, pp. K16–18.Google Scholar

^39. See the discussion in Andrew, Walder, “Industrial reform in China: the human dimension,” in Morse, Ronald A. (ed.), The Limits of Reform in China (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983), pp. 51–53.Google Scholar

^40. Zhou, Yuanho, “Four basic links which must be carefully attended to in enterprise reorganization,” Yangchang wanbao, 29 12 1982, in JPRS-CREA, No. 312, 18 February 1983 (JPRS, No. 82905), pp. 15–17.Google Scholar

^41. Yuan, Baohua, “Pay attention to latest developments, create a new situation,” Qiye guanli, No. 5 (05 1984), in JPRS-CEA-S4-015, 10 09 1984, p. 39.Google Scholar

^42. Gao, Baolin, “Shixing changzhang fuzezhi hao” (“Carry out the factory director responsibility system well”), Qiye guanli, No. 8 (08 1984), p. 12.Google Scholar

^43. “Guowuyuan guanyu jinyibu kuoda quoying gongye qiye zizhuquan de zhanxing guiding” (“State Council temporary regulations on further expanding the autonomy of state industrial enterprises”) (10 May 1984), GWYGB, 1984, pp. 323–25 (trans, in FBIS-CHI, 16 May 1984, K15–17).

^44. Renmin ribao, 7 June 1984, in FBIS-CHI, 18 June 1984, p. 03.

^45. Jingji ribao (Economic Daily), 28 April 1984, in FBIS-CHI, 8 May 1984, p. K7. The six cities were Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang, Changzhou, and Dalian.

^46. Changzhou municipal authorities, for example, promulgated their provisional regulations in August 1984. See “Changzhoushi guoying qiye shixing changzhang fuzezhi de janxing guiding” (“Provisional regulations for the implementation of the factory director responsibility system in state enterprises in Changzhou”) (August 1984), Jingji guanli, No. 12 (December 1984), pp. 37–41 (trans, in JPRS-CEA-85-022, 5 March 1985, pp. 69–83).

^47. “Quanmin suoyouzhi gongye qiye changzhang gongzuo tiaoli” (“Regulations on the work of factory directors in industrial enterprises owned by the whole people”); “Zhongguo gongchandang quanmin suoyouzhi gongye qiye jiceng zuzhi gongzuo tiaoli” (“Regulations on the work of basic level organs of the CCP in industrial enterprises owned by the whole people”); “Quanmin suoyouzhi gongye qiye zhigong daibiao dahui tiaoli” (“Regulations on staff/worker congresses in industrial enterprises owned by the whole people”). The texts of these new regulations can be found in Qiye guanli, No. 11 (November 1986), pp. 10–19.

^48. Ceng, Zhi, “Gaishan he jiaqiang qiye zhong dang de lingdao” (“Reform and strengthen the Party's leadership within the enterprise”), Hongqi (Red Flag), No. 14(15 07 1985), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

^49. Dalian, yinranchang qiye zixun bangongshi (Enterprise Advisory Office, Dalian Printing Mill), “Jianli yi changzhang weishou de juece tixi” (“Establish a system of policy-making under the leadership of the factory manager”), Jingji guanli, No. 1 (01 1985), p. 41.Google Scholar

^50. Xie, Youqiao, “Shixing changzhang fuzexhi, chuli hao dang zheng qun sanzhe guanxi” (“Implement the factory director responsibility system, handle well the relations among Party, administration and masses”), Qiye guanli, No. 8 (08 1984), p. 12.Google Scholar For a discussion of the term “operations” (jingying), see Li, Min, “Raise levels of operation and management in enterprises,” Renmin ribao, 11 10 1982, in JPRSCREA, No. 280, 5 November 1982 (JPRS, No. 82175), pp. 30–31.Google Scholar

^51. See, for example, “Provisional regulations for the implementation of the factory director responsibility system in state enterprises in Changzhou,” Art. 9. For a good summary of factory director responsibilities and powers under FDRS, see Li, Jianguo, “Correctly handle the relations,” pp. 19–20.Google Scholar

^52. Zhang, Shihong, “Shanghai machine tool plant implements plant manager responsibility system,” Renmin ribao, 2 02 1985, in FBIS-CHI, 8 February 1985, pp. K6–8.Google Scholar

^53. “Yuan Baohua xiang liujie quanguo renda changweihui dijiuce huiyi zuo Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo guoying gongye qiye fa cao'an de shuoming” (“Yuan Baohua explains the draft PRC law on state enterprises to the 9th Session of the National People's Congress Standing Committee”), Renmin ribao, 16 January 1985.

^54. For a good recent discussion of the terms baozheng and jiandu, see Sun, Fakui and Zhao, Yuhui, “Gangyu qiye dangwei shixing baozheng jiandu rogan wenti de tanlun” (“Preliminary thoughts on several questions regarding the implementation of guarantee and supervision by the enterprise Party committee”), Jingji guanli, No. 12 (12 1985), pp. 23–27.Google Scholar

^55. See, for example, Ceng, Zhi, “Reform and strengthen the Party's leadership,” p. 15.Google Scholar

^56. Xinhua (in Chinese), 2 July 1985, in FBIS-CHI, 12 July 1985, p. K6.

^57. Changzhou guo mian yi chang (Changzhou No. 1 National Cotton Textile Mill, “Shixing changzhang fuzezhi hou rune lishun dang, zheng, gong sanzhe guanxi” (“How to facilitate relations among Party, administration, and workers following implementation of the factory director responsibility system”), Jingji guanli, No. 12 (December 1984), p. 25.

^58. “Provisional regulations for the implementation of the factory director responsibility system in state enterprises in Changzhou,” Art. 28. A report from one Changzhou enterprise in late 1984 recommends that the factory director not act too rashly in this regard, and that “only in exceptional circumstances where a decision must be made quickly” should he take action against the wishes of the Party committee; Jia, Shunbao, “Changzhang ruhe jieshou dangwei jiandu he shixing minzhu guanli?” (“How the factory director accepts supervision by the Party committee and carries out democratic management”), Jingji guanli, No. 12 (12 1984), p. 30.Google Scholar

^59. Compare, for example, “Temporary regulations governing the work of directors of state-owned enterprises,” Art. 30. According to the 1986 regulations on enterprise Party organizations, in the event of a clash between the factory director and Party committee, the latter shall “raise the matter, and when necessary report it to higherlevel authorities” [Qiye guanli, No. 11 (November 1986), p. 15]. The regulations imply that, as before, the factory director's decision holds until overridden by the higher level.

^60. “‘Laoda’ yu ‘laowu’” (‘“Top dog‘ and ‘no. 5”’),Renminribao, 22 January 1985.

^61. Chengdu changzhang yanjiuhui, “Do well in implementing the factory director responsibility system.”

^62. Li, Xin, “Proceed from the overall situation of reform, establish a new Partygovernment relationship,” Xinhua (in Chinese), 7 02 1985, in FBIS-CHI, 15 February 1985, p. K3.Google Scholar

^63. Dong, Wande, “Zuo houdun, dang ‘kaiming’ shuji” (“Serve as a backup force, be an ‘enlightened’ Party secretary”), Qiye guanli, No. 9 (09 1984), p. 39.Google Scholar

^64. Zhang, Huinan, “Shixing changzhang fuzezhi, dangwei zemma gongzuo?” (“In implementing the factory director responsibility system, how should the Party do its work?”), Qiye guanli, No. 8 (08 1984), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

^65. Gu, Ming, “Do a good job in reforming enterprises by economic and legal means,” Gongren ribao (Workers'Daily), 14 11 1984, in JPRS-CEA-85-031, 25 March 1985, p. 34.Google Scholar

^66. Han, Xiulan, “Management of industrial enterprises owned by the whole people,” Jingji yanjiu (Economic Studies), No. 6 (06 1984), in JPRS-CEA-84-066,14 August 1984, p. 92.Google Scholar

^67. Zhang, Huinan, “In implementing the factory director responsibility system,” p. 14.Google Scholar

^68. Xinhua (in Chinese), 20 May 1985, in JPRS-CEA-85-063, 16 July 1985, p. 4.

^69. Li, Jianguo, “Zhengque chuli dang zheng qun sanzhe guanxi” (“Correctly handle the relations among Party, administration, and masses”), Qiye guanli, No. 8 (08 1985), p. 19Google Scholar

^70. See, for example, “Dangwei shuji de xin keti” (“A new lesson for Party committee secretaries”), Renmin ribao, 2 February 1985.

^71. Wang, Zhounan, “Qingting qiye ‘zhuren’ de husheng” (“Listen attentively to the voices of the enterprise's ‘masters’”), Renmin ribao, 7 09 1984, p. 2.Google Scholar

^72. “Zhengque fahui qiye dangwei de baozheng jiandu zuoyong” (“Thoroughly develop the enterprise Party's role as guarantor and supervisor”), Jingji ribao, 3 July 1985.

^73. See, especially, Art. 11 of the 1986 regulations for factory directors of stateowned enterprises, in Qiye guanli, No. 11 (November 1986), p. 12. This provision is discussed in a circular issued by the CCP's central organs and published in ibid. p. 22.

^74. For example, Ta Kung Pao, 21 June 1984, p. 6.

^75. See the discussion in Ji, Zhong, “Sum up historical experience.”Google Scholar

^76. See, for example, Zhang, Zhiqin, “Dangwei shuji de ziren geng zhongle” (“The Party committee secretary's responsibilities are even more heavy”), Renmin ribao, 21 02 1985.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Ceng, Zhi, “Reform and strengthen the Party's leadership,”p. 14.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Gao, Hongde and Feng, Subao, “Investigation into questions,” p. 28.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ “Looking back on past events does not mean turning the clock back,” Chongqing ribao (Chongqing Daily), 20 April 1986, in FBIS–CHI, 1 May 1986, p. K4.

⁸⁰ Song, Shiqi and Wu, Xuelin, “The newly adjusted leadership groups in key enterprises are young and knowledgeable,” Renmin ribao, 12 September 1985, in JPRSCEA-86-001, 2 January 1986, p. 49.Google Scholar

⁸¹ China Daily, 15 January 1986.

⁸² “To exercise expert leadership is the purpose requiring leading bodies to be professionally competent,” Beijing Domestic Service, 28 April 1986, in FBIS–CHI, 5 May 1986, K8.

⁸³ In January 1985, the draft enterprise law was first submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (Renmin ribao, 16 January 1985). In a letter to the committee at this time, Premier Zhao, Ziyang suggested that the draft be circulated among provinces, cities and departments of the State Council for further suggestions (Jingji ribao, 16 January 1985). Since then, there has been occasional mention of the enterprise law “still being examined” [Xinhua (in English), 12 September 1985, in JPRS-CEA-85-07, 27 September 1985] and “still being drafted” [Xinhua (in English), 4 April 1986, in FBIS–CHI, 7 April 1986, p. K10]. In November 1986, the draft law was restored to the agenda of the NPC Standing Committee at the urgent request of a number of its deputies [Xinhua (in Chinese), 27 November 1986, in FBIS–CHI, 1 December 1986, p. K7–9]. As of this writing, the law is still being deliberated.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ See, for example, the criticisms raised by NPC Standing Committee member Su Buqing in January 1985 “Xinhua (in Chinese), 16 January 1985, in FBIS–CHI, 18 January 1985, K7] and, more recently, by deputy Zhang Zhen [Xinhua (in English), 21 November 1986, in FBIS–CHI, 24 November 1986, p. Kl ]. Authorities have steadfastly maintained that mention of the Party's role has no place in state legislation; see, for example, the remarks by Yuan Baohua in Xinhua (in Chinese), 15 November 1986, in FBIS–CHI, 21 November 1986, p. K13.

⁸⁵ Brugger, , Democracy and Organisation in the Chinese Industrial Enterprise, p. 235.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ See discussions in Ceng, Zhi, “Reform and strengthen the Party's leadership,” p. 15; “Thoroughly develop the enterprise Party's role”; and Xinhua (in Chinese), 2 July 1985, in FBIS–CHI, 12 July 1985, K6.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Sun, Fakui and Zhao, Yuhui, “Preliminary thoughts on several questions,” p. 23.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Schurmann, , Ideology and Organization, p. 192.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Yuan, Baohua, “Correctly understand the director responsibility system,” Jingji ribao, 8 August 1984, in FBIS-CHI, 22 August 1984, p. K15. The same warning, in precisely the same language was sounded in Lu Zhenmao, “Shixing changzhang fuzezhi shibushi dui minzhu jizhongzhi yuanze de fouding?” (“Does implementing the factory director responsibility system negate the principle of democratic centralism?”), Hongqi, No. 5 (1 March 1985), p. 46.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ “Thoroughly develop the enterprise Party's role.” Zhuge, Liang was a famous hero of the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history (A.D. 221–265).Google Scholar

⁹¹ “Regulations on the work of factory directors,” in Qiye quanli. No. 11 (November 1986), p. 12.

⁹² In a recent article extolling reforms in Changzhou enterprises, for example, the authors admit that in some factories the relationship between Party and management “is not well co–ordinated,” and that differences have arisen precisely over the issue of appointing cadres. See Xia, Zhen and Yue, Haitao, “Delegated authority improves efficiency,” Beijing Review, Vol. 29, No. 26 (30 June 1986), p. 24–25.Google Scholar

⁹³ See, for example, Wu, Fumin, “Rang changzhang gengjia ercong muming” (“Giving the factory director a more thorough grasp of the situation”), Renmin ribao, 7 September 1984; Zhonggong Dalian bolichang weiyuanhui (Dalian Glass Factory CCP Committee), “Pochu ‘sange guannian,’ shixian ‘sige zhuanyi,’ jiaqiang he gaishan dang de lingdao” (“Get rid of the ‘three concepts,’ implement the ‘four transfers,’ strengthen and improve Party leadership”), Jingji guanli, No. 12 (December 1984), pp. 27–29; “Shenyang yelianchang dangwei cong liu fangmian rushou zhua gongzuo” (“Shenyang Smeltery Party committee grasps work from six angles”), Jingji ribao, 2 July 1985.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Xinhua (in Chinese), 16 January 1986, in JPRS–CEA–86–015, 11 February 1986, p. 3.

⁹⁵ “Guanyu quanmin suoyouzhi gongye qiye sange tiaoli de xuanquan tigang” (“Propaganda outline regarding the three sets of regulations on industrial enterprises owned by the whole people”), Qiye guanli, No. 11 (November 1986), p. 22.

⁹⁶ Li, Jianguo, “Correctly handle the relations,” p. 21.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Jia, Shunbao, “How the factory director accepts,” p. 30.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ See, for example, the report and editorial in Renmin ribao, 13 February 1986, in FBIS–CHI, 26 February 1986, pp. Kl–3.

⁹⁹ Some examples: the Beijing Printing and Dyeing Plant (see Li Xin. “Proceed from the overall situation”); the Shanghai Machine Tool Plant (see Zhang Shihong, “Shanghai Machine Tool Plant”); and the Shashi Cotton Mill[see “Shashi mianfangchang dangwei zhengque chuli dangzheng guanxi” (“Shashi Cotton Mill Party committee correctly handles the relations between Party and administration”), Jingji ribao, 28 June 1985].

¹⁰⁰ Peng, Guangrong, “Qiantan shuji de ‘canyu’ he ‘ganyu’” (“Some modest comments on the Party secretary's ‘participation’ and ‘interference’”), Qiye guanli, No. 10 (October 1984), pp. 13–14.Google Scholar

^101. For a good but somewhat dated study, see Martin, Lockett, “Enterprise management: moves towards democracy?” in Feuchtwang, S. and Hussain, A. (eds.), The Chinese Economic Reforms (London and Canberra: Croom Helm, 1983), pp. 224–56.Google Scholar

^102. Ma, Hong, “Some tentative remarks”;Google Scholar see, also, Jiang, Yiwei, “Lun shehui shehui zhuyi qiye de lingdao tizhi” (“On the socialist enterprise leadership system”), Hongqi, No. 21, (1 11 1980), pp. 9–13.Google Scholar

^103. Ma, Hong, “Some tentative remarks,” p. 19.Google Scholar

^104. “Guoying gongye qiye zhigong daibiao dahui zhanxing tiaoli” (“Provisional regulations concerning congresses of workers and staff members in state-owned industrial enterprises”) (13 July 1981), GWYGB, 1981, pp. 489–93 (trans, in FBISCHI, 23 July 1981, pp. K3–7)

^105. “Step up ideological and political education and promote democratic management in enterprises,” Jingji guanli, No. 12 (December 1983), in JPRS-CEA-84-W8, 2 February 1984, p. 57.

^106. See, for example, the pessimistic assessment in Yu, Yannan, “Seriously carry out the workers' congress system,” Hongqi, No. 20 (16 10 1982), in JPRS, China Report, Red Flag, 6 December 1982 [JPRS, No. 82391], pp. 60–66.Google Scholar

^107. Zhao, Ziyang, “Report on government work,” delivered to the Second Session of the Sixth National People's Congress, 15 May 1984; Chinese text in Renmin ribao, 2 June 1984; English translation in FBIS-CHI, 1 June 1984, pp. Kl–20.Google Scholar

^108. Ji, Zhong, “Sum up historical experience”;Google Scholar also, Jiang, Yiwei, “Zai lun shehui zhuyi qiye de lingdao” (“More on the socialist enterprise leadership system”), Hongqi, No. 24 (16 12 1984), pp. 22–26.Google Scholar

^109. Xu, Bing, “Shixing changzhang fuzezhi yao chongfen tixian zhigong qunzhong de zhurenweng diwei” (“In carrying out the factory director responsibility system, we must thoroughly realize the status of staff and worker masses as masters”), Hongqi, No. 4(16 02 1985), pp. 3–6.Google Scholar

^110. Chen, Bingquan, “Wo guo qiye lingdao zhidu de zhongda gaige” (“A major reform of our country's enterprise leadership system”), Hongqi, No. 9 (1 05 1985), pp. 20–23.Google Scholar

^111. Zheng, Haihang, “Guanyu jiaqiang yi changzhang weishou de shengchan, jingying zhihui xitong de jige wenti de tantao” (“Tentative comments on several questions regarding strengthening the production and operations command system under the leadership of the factory director”), Jingji guanli, No. 4 (04 1985), pp. 46–49.Google Scholar

^112. For a later argument along similar lines, see Ji, Zhong, “Guoyou qiye de jueceguan you shei lai xingshi” (“Who should exercise decision-making power in stateowned enterprises?”), Jingji guanli, No. 10 (10 1985), pp. 22–26 [trans, in JPRSCEA-86-001 (2 January 1986), pp. 56–63].Google Scholar

^113. Quanmin suoyouzhi gongye qiye zhigong daibiao dahui tiaoli” (“Regulations on staff/worker congresses in industrial enterprises owned by the whole people”), Qiye guanli, No. 11 (November 1986), pp. 17–19.

^114. See, for example, Zhonggong, Benxi gangtie gongsi weiyuanhui, “Handle well the separation,” p. 31.Google Scholar

^115. Yuan, Baohua, “Do a good job of experimenting,” p. 3.Google Scholar

^116. Wu, Yanzhou and Yang, Jian, “Quanmin suoyozhi qiye shixing changzhang, shuji jianzhi zhi: zhutan” (“Implementing the system of one person serving concurrently as factory director and Party committee secretary in enterprises owned by the whole people: some preliminary views”), Jingji guanli, No. 12 (12 1985), pp. 27–31 (transl. in FB1S-CHI, 19 February 1986, pp. K.8–15).Google Scholar

^117. Similar sentiments are expressed in Xiao, Liang, “Implementing the plant director responsibility system,” p. K7. “After the ‘leftist’ guiding ideology gained ground, the ‘system of one-man leadership’ was inappropriately held to be negating the Party leadership.”Google Scholar

^118. See Article 15 of the 1986 regulations on Party organizations in state-owned enterprises, in Qiye guanli, No. 11 (November 1986), p. 15.

^119. See, for example, “‘Kaiming shuji’ de wuge zemmaban” (“Five ways to be an ‘enlightened Party secretary’”), Jingji ribao, 8 February 1985; and “Factory managers must place state interests first,” Renmin ribao, 6 March 1985, in FBIS-CHI, 7 March 1985, pp. K4–5.

^120. Some of the earlier discussions of FDRS stressed the need for linking the fates of Party secretary and manager. See, for example, Changzhou guo mian yi chang, “How to facilitate relations,” p. 25; and Zhang, Huanming, “Mubiao yu liyi yizhi jiu neng qixin xieli” (“By making objectives consistent with benefits, we can pull together”), Renmin ribao, 24 09 1984. The latter article suggests that if an enterprise shows a loss two years in a row, both the factory director and Party secretary should lose their jobs. However, the 1986 regulations governing Party organizations in enterprises make no provision for reappointing or dismissing Party officials on the basis of enterprise economic performance.Google Scholar

^121. See, for example, Shirk, , “The politics of industrial reform,” pp. 196, 220–221.Google Scholar