1 There have been other studies of particular aspects of Liang's thought. See, for instance, Lyman P., Van Slyke, “Liang Sou-ming and the Rural Reconstruction Movement,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XVIII (1959), pp. 457–474Google Scholar; and O'Bryant, A. H., “Liang Sou-ming: His Response to the West,” Harvard Papers on China, Vol. 7 (1953), pp. 1–33.Google Scholar

2 Tung-hsi wen-hua chi ch'i che-hsüeh (Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies) (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1923), 4th ed., pp. 1–2Google Scholar of the Preface to the first edition appended (hereafter referred to as Tung-hsi); Chung-hua min-tsu tzu-chiu yün-tung chih tsui-hou chüeh-wu (The Final Awakening of the Chinese Nation's Self-Salvation Movement) (Shanghai: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1936), 3rd ed., pp. 1–2Google Scholar (hereafter referred to as Chüeh-wu); Chung-kuo wen-hua yao-yi (The Essence of Chinese Culture) (Hong Kong: Chi-ch'eng t'u-shu kung-szu, 1963), p. 4 (hereafter referred to as Wen-hua).Google Scholar

3 Wen-hua, p. 4.Google Scholar

4 For a detailed chronology of Liang, see Hu, Ying-han, “Liang Shu-ming hsien-sheng nien-p'u ch'u-kao,” (“A Preliminary Biography of Mr. Liang Shu-ming”) Young-sun (Hong Kong), Nos. 295–301 (10 February 1963–16 05 1963).Google Scholar

5 “Chiu-yüan chüeh-yi lun” (“On examination of the yüan and the Resolution of Debts), Tung-fang tsa-chih (Eastern Miscellany) (Shanghai), 05 1916, pp. 6–10 of section 3; June 1916, pp. 5–9 of section 3; July 1916, pp. 8–12 of section 3.Google Scholar

6 Chou, Ch'ing-wen, Ten Years of Storm, translated by Lai, Ming (New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1960), pp. 254–256.Google Scholar

7 Liang Shu-ming szu-hsiang p'i-p'an (A Criticism of Liang Shu-ming's Thought) (Peking: San-lien shu-t'ien, 1955) (hereafter referred to as P'i-p'an).Google Scholar

8 “Liang Shu-ming te fa-yen” (Liang Shu-ming's speech), Kuang-ming jih-pao, 7 02 1956.Google Scholar

9 For an analysis of the subtleness of Liang's talk, see Chiang, Yü-lung, “Yu kan-yü Liang Shu-ming hsien-sheng ti pei-fen chih yin.” (concerning Mr. Liang, Shu-ming's anguished speech), Tsu-kuo chou-k'an (Hong Kong), No. 171 (9 04 1956), pp. 11–12.Google Scholar

10 Tung-hsi, p. 24.Google Scholar

11 .. pp. 55 et seq.

12 Ibid.. p. 44.

13 Ibid.. p. 24.

14 Ibid.. pp. 24 et seq.

15 Feng, Yu-lang, “P'i-p'an Liang Shu-ming hsien-sheng te wen-hua kuan ho ‘ts'un-chih’ li-lun” (“Critique on the Theory of Culture and ‘Rural Reconstruction’ Theory of Mr. Liang Shu-ming”), P'i-p'an, p. 3.Google Scholar

16 For a detailed critique on this point, see Wu, T'ing-ch'iu, “P'i-p'an Liang Shu-ming te fan-tung li-shih kuan-tien” (“Critique on Liang Shu-ming's Reactionary Conception of History”), P'i-p'an, pp. 35–43Google Scholar; Wu, Ching-ch'ao, “P'i-p'an Liang Shu-ming te chung-kuo wen-hua lun” (“Critique on Liang Shu-ming's Theory of Culture”), P'i-p'an, pp. 86–90.Google Scholar

17 Tung-hsi, p. 200.Google Scholar

18 William, McDougall, Introduction to Social Psychology (Boston: John W. Luce and Co., 1918), pp. 15, 3, 10, 11.Google Scholar

19 Tung-hsi, pp. 171–175.Google Scholar

20 Ibid.. pp. 179 et seq.

21 Liang uses the terms ko-jen pen-wei and she-hui pen-wei for “individualistic” and “socialistic,” respectively. “Ethic-centred” is a translation of Liang's lun-li pen-wei.Google Scholar

22 Wen-hua, p. 150.Google Scholar

23 Chüeh-wu, p. 12.Google Scholar

24 Ibid.. pp. 101–102.

25 Ibid.. p. 110.

26 Concerning the first dead end,Google ScholarIbid.. Chap. III.

27 Concerning the second dead end, Ibid.. Chap. IV.Google Scholar

28 Ibid.. p. 111. The reference is to Russell, The Problem of China (New York: The Century Co., 1922), pp. 255–256.Google Scholar

29 Liang, , Hsiang-ts'un chien-she ta-yi (General Principles of Rural Reconstruction) (Tsou-p'ing: Hsiang-ts'un shu-tien, 1936), p. 47.Google Scholar

30 Ibid.. p. 89.

31 Liang, , Hsiang-ts'un chien-she li-lun (Theory of Rural Reconstruction) (Tsou-p'ing: Hsiang-ts'un shu-tien, 1937), p. 190 (hereafter referred to as Hsiang-ts'un).Google Scholar

32 Ibid.. p. 199.

33 Ibid.. p. 441.

34 Chüeh-wu, p. 208.

35 Ibid.. p. 213.

36 Hsiang-ts'un, p. 364.Google Scholar

37 Hsiang-ts'un, Appendix, p. 3, “Our Two Great Difficulties.”Google Scholar

38 Cheng, Hsüan, “Ch'uan-tang ch'uan-kuo yin-mou te ta pao-lu” (“The Complete Exposition of the Conspiracy of Usurping the Party and the State”), Kuang-ming jih-pao, 9 08 1967.Google Scholar

39 For a detailed study of the ideology that the Maoists attack and the ideology they wish to attack, see Wen-shun, Chi, “The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in Ideological Perspective,” Asian Survey, Vol. IX, No. 18 (08 1969).Google Scholar

40 “Niu-kuei she-shen tsai K'ung-tzu t'ao-lun hui shang fang-le hsieh shen-ma tu ?” (“What Kind of Poison Did the Monsters and Freaks Give Forth at the Discussion Meeting on Confucius?”), Jen-min jih-pao, 10 01 1967, p. 4.Google Scholar

41 “Tsai chung-kuo kung-ch'an tang ti-chiu-tz'u ch'üan-kuo tai-piao ta-hui shang te pao-kao” (“Report to the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China”), Hung-ch'i (Red Flag), No. 5 (1969), p. 14.Google Scholar