¹ Feng, Hu, Chien Wen-i Jen-min (Sword, Literature and People) (Shanghai: Earth Society, 1950), pp. 217–220.Google Scholar

² Hsun, Lu, Lu Hsun Ch'uan-chi (Complete collection of Lu Hsun) (Shanghai: Lu Hsun Publishing Co., 1948), VI, p. 542 (hereafter cited as Lu Hsun).Google Scholar

³ Hsüeh-lin, Su, “Present day fiction and drama,” in Schyns, Joseph, ed., 1,500 Modern Chinese Novels and Plays (Peking: Scheut Editions, 1948), p. 32.Google Scholar

⁴ K'uei-jan, Lu, Hu Feng Shih-chten ti Ch'ten-yin Hou-kuo (The Before and After of the Hu Feng Case) (Hong Kong: Nan-feng Publishing Co., 1956), p. 3.Google Scholar

⁵ This section will discuss Hu's ideas as expressed in two books of essays by him: Sword, Literature and People, 278 pp.Google Scholar; Tsat Hun-luan li-mien (In Confusion) (Shanghai: Writers' Study Publishing Co., 1946), 280 pp.Google Scholar

⁶ Erlich, Victor, “Social and aesthetic criteria in Soviet Russian criticism,” in Simmons, E. S., ed., Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955), p. 412Google Scholar

⁷ “Literary authorities” refers to those in charge of Chinese Communist literary policy today, specifically Chou Yang, Kuo Mo-jo, Mao Tun, Yüan Shui-po, Ho Ch'i-fang, Lin Mo-han.

⁸ Feng, Hu, “Chih-shen tsai wei Min-chu ti Tou-cheng li-mien” (“Placing oneself in the democratic struggle”), Hsi-wang, I, No. 1 (01 1945), p. 3.Google Scholar

⁹ Sword, Literature and People, p. 156.Google Scholar

¹⁰ In Confusion, p. 54.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ibid. p. 21.

¹² Sword, Literature and People, p. 107.Google Scholar

¹³ In Confusion, p. 61.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ibid. p. 176.

¹⁵ Ibid. p. 35.

¹⁶ The position of the writer Kuo Mo-jo at this time is of interest. He argued that “National Defence Literature” was concerned with relations between people in society, but could not be a basic principle in writing. This appears to uphold Hu's view that the Party could direct political and social matters, but not necessarily literary matters. However, while Hu maintained this position fairly consistently Kuo did not.

¹⁷ Hsun, Lu, p. 530.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid. pp. 534–542.

¹⁹ “Kuan-yü Hu Feng fan-tang chi-t'uan ti i-hsieh ts'ai-liao” (“Certain reference materials on Hu Feng's anti-Party clique”), Wen-yi Pao (hereafter WIP), No. 9–10, p. 29Google Scholar, item 3 (1955). This material contains Hu's correspondence with his colleagues.

²⁰ Ibid. p. 30, item 11.

²¹ Ibid. p. 32, item 29.

²² Ibid. p. 31, item 12.

²³ Chou Yang, Ho Ch'i-fang.

²⁴ WIP, 9–10: 32, item 21.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. p. 33, item 32.

²⁶ Ibid. item 31.

²⁷ Wu, Shu, “Lun Chu-kuan.” Hsi-wang, I, No. 1 (01 1945), p. 79.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid. p. 68.

²⁹ Ibid. p. 77.

³⁰ WIP, No. 9–10, p. 32, items 23, 24.Google Scholar

³¹ Ibid. p. 31, item 14.

³² Ibid. item 18.

³³ Ibid. p. 32, item 25.

³⁴ Hu Feng Wen-i Ssu-hsiang P'i-p'an Lun-wen Hui-ch'i (Collection of Criticism of Hu Feng's Literary Idean) (Peking: Writers' Publishing Co., 1955), II, p. 90. Hereafter LWHC.Google Scholar

³⁵ WIP, No. 9–10, p. 31, item 16.Google Scholar

³⁶ Yao, Wang, Chung-kuo Hsin Wen-hsüeh Shih-kao (Draft History of China's New Literature) (Shanghai: New Literature Publishing Co., 1954), pp. 247–252.Google Scholar

Ch'uan-lin, , “Lun Ma-En ti wen-i p'i-p'ing” (“Discussion of Marx-Engels literary criticism”), in Sheng, Hu, ed., Lu Hsun ti Tao-lu (Hong Kong: Literary Publishing Co.), pp. 44, 45.Google Scholar

³⁷ Feng, Hu, Ts'ung Yuan-t'ou tao Hung-liu (From the Source to the Flood) (Shanghai: New Literature Publishing Co., 1952), p. 64.Google Scholar

³⁸ LWHC, III, p. 109.Google Scholar

³⁹ From the Source to the Flood, p. 49.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Ibid. p. 106.

⁴¹ Ibid. p. 108.

⁴² “Kuan-yü Hu Feng fan-ko-ming chi-t'uan ti ti-er p'i ts'ai-liao” (“Second group of reference materials on Hu Feng's counter-revolutionary clique”), WIP, No. 11, p. 19Google Scholar, item 7.

⁴³ WIP, No. 11, p. 21Google Scholar, item 23. The monkey was the hero of the sixteenth-century novel Pilgrimage to the West (Hsi-yü chi). Supernatural powers enabled him to change into an insect and slip inside his opponent.

⁴⁴ Ibid. 24, item 44.

⁴⁵ Ibid. item 47.

⁴⁶ WIP, No. 9–10, p. 29, item 4.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Ibid. p. 24, item 45.

⁴⁸ Ibid. p. 19, item 8.

⁴⁹ Yao, Wang, II, p. 487.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ WIP, No. 11, p. 19, item 5.Google Scholar

⁵¹ “Kuan-yü Hu Feng fan-ko-ming chi-t'uan ti ti-san p'i ts'ai-liao” (“Third group of reference materials on the Hu Feng counter-revolutionary clique”), WIP, No. 11, p. 6, item 12.Google Scholar

⁵² WIP, No. 11, p. 23Google Scholar, item 40.

⁵³ LWHC, II, pp. 108–114.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ WIP, No. 11, p. 25, item 49.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ LWHC, U, p. 135.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Ibid. pp. 49–68.

⁵⁷ Ibid. pp. 69–92.

⁵⁸ WIP, No. 11, p. 9Google Scholar, item 24. There are conflicting reports as to whether or not Hu was ever a member of the CCP. “Application to the party” may refer to admission or reinstatement.

⁵⁹ Though part of this report was reprinted in a supplement of WIP (January 1950, No. 1–2), it has not been allowed outside of China. Nevertheless, large sections of it have been quoted in their entirety in periodicals. While this is a poor substitute for the original, at least the general content of Hu's report can be understood Discussion of the first five items is based on quotations published in K'uei-jan'a, Lu book, pp. 30–35.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Discussion of the sixth item is based on quotations in the People's Daly (Jen-min Jih-pao), 01 31, 1955, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁶¹ WIP, No. 11, p. 26Google Scholar, item 54; item 55.

⁶² Communist China Problem Research Senes, The Case of Hu Feng, by I-fan, Wang (Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1956), pp. 116, 117.Google Scholar This is the most complete published secondary source on Hu Feng, but it contains little of an analytical nature. A large part of the material consists of translations of Hu's letters.

⁶³ WIP, No. 22, pp. 7–15 (1954).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Kuang-ming Dally, 12 10, 1954.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ WIP, No. 23–24, pp. 16–19 (1954).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Ibid. No. 11, p. 27, item 60.

⁶⁷ Survey of the China Mainland Press (SCMP) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate-General), No. 989.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ K'uei-jan, La, p. 22.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ WIP, No. 11, p. 27, item 61.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Ibid. No. 9–10, pp. 21–26.

⁷¹ Ibid. No. 11, pp. 4 and 18.

⁷² SCMP, No. 1063.

⁷³ B.B.C., World News Broadcasts, No. 473, p. 11 (hereafter WNB).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Ibid.

⁷⁵ SCMP, No. 1101.

⁷⁶ There have been conflicting accounts of what has happened to Hu Feng. Time on 06 24, 1957Google Scholar, reported that Hu had been released from prison in June 1957, in connection with the CCP's latest drive to “Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools contend.” Time suggested that perhaps Hu's release was to demonstrate the party's sincerity in promoting heterodox points of view. A New York Times release on June 11, 1957, gave similar information. However, a later report in the New York Times (07 19, 1957)Google Scholar stated that Hu was still in prison.

⁷⁷ This discussion is based on articles in LWHC, III, by the following people: Shui-po, Yuan, pp. 100–123Google Scholar; Wu, Shu, pp. 147–163Google Scholar; Chien, T'ien, pp. 133–147.Google Scholar Also Mo-jo, Kno, in WIP, No. 7, pp. 3–6 (1955)Google Scholar, and Hsiao-ch'uan, Kuo, in Hsüeh-hsi, No. 7, pp. 21–25 (1955).Google Scholar “Communist charges” refers specifically to the charges as expressed by these men.

⁷⁸ WIP, No. 11, pp. 12, 13, item 41.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Ibid. p. 18, item 2.

⁸⁰ Ibid. No. 9–10, p. 32, item 23.

⁸¹ Ibid. No. 11, p. 35, item 2.

⁸² WNB, No. 471:29.

⁸³ K'uei-jan, Lu, pp. 8, 9.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ WIP, No. 11, p. 28, item 66.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Ibid. p. 28, item 63.

⁸⁶ SCMP, No. 1068.

⁸⁷ Extracts from China Mainland Magazine (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate-General), No. 4.