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2 Zhifei Wu, “Hu Angang: rezhong yu zhishi baoguo” (“Angang Hu: full of enthusiasm about contributing to the state with knowledge”), Remin ribao (haiwai ban) (People's Daily (Overseas Edition)), 17 December 2008, p. 7. Professor Angang Hu is a well-known scholar who is director of the Centre for China Study, Tsinghua University.

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6 For example, the Unirule Institute of Economics (Tianze), founded by Mao Yushi and other economists in Beijing in 1993, used to be regarded as one of the most critical non-governmental think tanks in China. However, it conducted many government research projects, including those consigned by government agencies such as the Ministry of Construction, Beijing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform, and bureaucracies in Shenzhen and Foshan (http://www.unirule.org.cn/SecondWeb/ConsignationInvestigation.asp).

7 A recent significant example is a 2005 report of the Development Research Centre of the State Council highlighting the failure of health policy reforms. The report was widely cited by the mass media (e.g. Wang Junxiu. “Guowuyuan yanjiu jigou cheng woguo yigai gongzuo jiben bu chenggong” (“Research Institute of State Council announces that China's health policy reform is almost a failure”), Zhongguo qingnian bao (China Youth Daily), 29 July 2005). The incident eventually resulted in a new round of healthcare policy reforms throughout the country.

8 For details of the test of representativeness, see Zhu, Xufeng, “Zhongguo zhengce jingying de shehui ziben: jiyu jiegou zhuyi shijiao de fenxi” (“Social capital of Chinese policy elites: an analysis in the view of structuralism”), Shehuixue yanjiu (Sociological Studies), No. 4 (2006), pp. 86–116Google Scholar, appendix A.

9 World Bank, World Development Report 1998/99: Knowledge for Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)Google Scholar.

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15 China's regulations for social organizations stipulate that each registered CNPI must be affiliated with a supervising unit endorsing its legitimacy. Supervising units can be government agencies or agencies authorized by the government. In some cases, think tanks have difficulty finding a supervising agency. They have to be registered as “companies,” although they mainly engage in non-profit activities.

16 Zhu and Xue, “Think tanks in transitional China,” p. 454. The authors interviewed four think tanks, showing the diversity of funding sources.

17 Liu, Yuanli and Rao, Keqin, “Providing health insurance in rural China: from research to policy,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2006), pp. 71–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

18 Available at http://bgt.cass.cn/kw_1.htm.

19 All collective study events of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee are listed in http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-11/29/content_3849521.htm. The Political Bureau invited not only experts from government-sponsored think tanks, but also professors and researchers from think tanks affiliated within universities.

20 Yanhui, Chen, “Neican jiemi” (“Discovery of internal references”), Fenghuang zhoukan (Phoenix Weekly), 23 July 2005Google Scholar.

21 Zheng, Yongnian, Technological Empowerment: The Internet, State, and Society in China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

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23 Zhu, Xufeng, “The influence of think tanks in the contemporary Chinese policy process: different ways and mechanisms,” Asian Survey, Vol. 49, No. 2 (2009), pp. 333–57Google Scholar.

24 Goldman and Gu, Chinese Intellectuals Between State and Market. A number of contributors in this volume examine the effect of market, pluralization or liberalization, and change of public sphere on China's intellectuals.

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26 Edward Gu and Merle Goldman, “Introduction,” in Goldman and Gu, Chinese Intellectuals Between State and Market, p. 8.

27 World Bank, World Development Report 1998/99, pp. 2–3.

28 Indexes in Hu–Xiong's IKDI system include “acquiring knowledge” (per capita international paper indexed in three major citation indexes, per capita number of national patent, and per capita foreign direct investment); “absorbing knowledge” (average years of education, enrolment rate of primary education, per capita students in middle schools, and per capita students in colleges); and “communicating knowledge” (per capita subscription of newspapers, telephone penetration rate, and per capita internet users). Hu, Angang and Xiong, Yizhi, “Woguo zhishi fazhan de diqu chayi fenxi: tedian, chengyin ji duice” (“An analysis of area gaps in China's knowledge development: their characteristics, roots thereof, and our policies”), Guanli shijie (Management World), No. 3 (2000), pp. 5–17Google Scholar.

29 Wang, Shaoguang, “Changing models of China's policy agenda setting,” Modern China, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2008), p. 68Google Scholar.

30 Available at http://localsev.lib.pku.edu.cn/cjc/.

31 Available at http://www.cnki.net.