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5. Some of the following ideas were noted by Nickum in ibid. but the author, not Nickum, remains responsible for any errors from several additional conclusions and amendments to Nickum's observations.

6. Field notes, western Shandong, Water Transfer Symposium, September–October 1980.

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8. For a definition of youxiao guangai mianji, see Table 3.

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14. This amounts to 3–4 billion renminbi per year from the World Bank for all projects. The portion of these that may be regarded as water control investments is difficult to determine, but there are large World Bank-financed water control projects in Anhui, Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The UN Development Program also finances some water control projects in China. The World Food Program has provided grants of around US$500 million, an important portion of which are for food-for-works projects building water-control infrastructure. These are not included among national capital construction data. Meeting with Zhang Yue, 8 September 1988.

15. ZGTJNJ 1986.

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22. Discussions with Yue, Zhang, 8 09 1988Google Scholar. In the large Huangshi Reservoir System of Taoyuan county (Western Hunan), the decline in effective irrigated area by 20% between 1978 and 1986 was halted only by an influx of annual investment of five times the previous level, only one-fifth of which was provided by water fees (meetings with Reservoir staff, 21 09 1988).Google Scholar

23. This plan was extensively discussed in several papers by representatives of the Rural Development Research Centre at the International Symposium on Rural Employment Promotion Strategies, sponsored by the International Labor Organization, Rural Development Research Centre, and Ministry of Labour and Personnel, Beijing, 04–05 1986.Google Scholar

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53. “Hybrid rice harvested in Jiangsu,” China Daily, 6 11 1987.Google Scholar Area planted was 818,700 hectares and production accounted for 30% of Jiangsu rice harvested. Yields have averaged more than 7·5 tons/hectare since 1984.

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60. Ibid.

61. Hong, Cai, “Fertilizer industry needs plan,” China Daily, 20 07 1988, p. 4.Google Scholar

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71. Stone, , “Chinese fertilizer application in the 1980s and 1990s,” p. 474.Google Scholar

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