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4. In addition, Dushu (Readings),an old liberal monthly, also carried many articles on the debate during 1984–1989.]Google Scholar

5. The script writers of River Elegyare Su Xiaokang and Wang Luxiang. An English translation of the script by Wakeman, Frederic is included in Ogden, Susanne, Hartford, Kathleen, Sullivan, Lawrence and Zweig, David (eds.), China′s Search for Democracy(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), pp. 37–44.]Google Scholar

6. Su Xiaokang revealed this message explicitly later when he went to exile in the United States after the Tiananmen Incident in 1989. See Xiaokang, Su, “Dangdai Zhongguo de wenhua jinzhang” (“The cultural tension in contemporary China”), in Kuide, Chen (ed.), Zhongguo dalu dangdai wenhua bianqian (Contemporary Cultural Changes in Mainland China) (Taipei: Guigan chubanshe, 1991), pp. 21–35.]Google Scholar

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13. When the Communist Party′s propaganda apparatus denounced “American imperialism,” it rendered that term in a kind of Chinese shorthand - meidi -which literally means “beautiful imperialist.” In his book by that title, David Shambaugh carefully documents this ambivalence in writings of China′s officially sponsored “American watchers.”]Google Scholar See Shambaugh, David, Beautiful Imperialist(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).]Google Scholar

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21. He Xin′s articles are collected in Zhonghuafuxing yi shijie weilai (Renovation of China and the Future of the World)(two vols.) (Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe, 1996), and Wei Zhongguo shenbian (Defending China)(Jinan: Shandong youyi chubanshe, 1996).]Google Scholar

22. This article was first published in the name of the Ideology and Theory Department of the Zhongguo qingnianbao (China Youth Daily)as an internal circulating article in September 1991. It quickly leaked abroad and was reprinted in the December 1992 issue of Zhongguo zhi chun (China Spring)in New York City. I interviewed one of the authors of this article in Beijing during the summer of 1994. He confirmed the above speculation that it was written based on the proceedings of a meeting held in Zhongguo qingnian baoand the participants were a group of Party and government officials active in policy analysis and consultants for the post-Tiananmen leadership.]Google Scholar

23. This book was published by Shanxi renmin chubanshe under the name of a fictitious author, “Europe′s most influential Sinologist” by the name of “Leninger,” with Wang listed only as the translator. Many reviewers, including those writing in PRC media, immediately questioned the book′s authorship. Wang later acknowledged his authorship in an article published in the well-connected Hong Kong journal Ming pao yuekanon 1 November 1994.]Google Scholar

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35. The Chinese Strategy and Management Research Society is affiliated to the headquarters of Military General Staffs. So it is speculated that Zhanliie yu guanliis funded by or represents the view of the Chinese military. My interviews found that this journal is run largely by a group of intellectuals who borrowed the military influence to support their work.

36. Jilin, Xu, “Wenhua rentong de kunjing: jiushi niandai Zhongguo zhishifenzi de fanxihua sichao” (“The dilemma of cultural identities: Chinese intellectuals’ anti-Westernization ideological trend in the 1990s”), Zhanlue yu guanli, No. 18 (1996), p. 100.]Google Scholar

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54. Ibid.p. 247.

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