Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T04:06:17.410Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The State and Higher Education in Hong Kong

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2020

John P. Burns
John P. Burns*
Affiliation:
The University of Hong Kong. Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Based on archival material and interviews, the paper argues that the autonomy of Hong Kong's institutions of higher education has varied since 1911, with the colonial state initially exercising tight control and relaxing it especially as the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong approached. China has sought to reassert control especially since 2014 in what continues to be contested space.

摘要

摘要

根据档案材料和访谈，该论文认为，自 1911 年以来，香港的高等教育机构的自治权发生了变化，殖民地国家开始实行严格的控制并放松控制，尤其是随着香港主权移交的临近。自 2014 年以来，中国一直在寻求重新确立控制权，而这一领域仍然充满争议。

Keywords

Hong Kong higher educationChina higher educationuniversity autonomyuniversity governancecolonial universitiesstudent activism香港高等教育中国高等教育大学自治大学治理殖民大学学生行动主义
Type
Research Article
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 244: Change, Contradiction and the State: Higher Education in Greater China , December 2020 , pp. 1031 - 1055
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © SOAS University of London, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Advisory Committee on Diversification. 1979. “Report of the Advisory Committee on Diversification 1979.” Hong Kong: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Audit Commission. 2016. “Report No. 67,” https://www.aud.gov.hk/pdf_e/e67ch02sum.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2018.Google Scholar
Basic Law (Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China). 2017. Article 34 and Article 137, http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/images/basiclaw_full_text_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Carnoy, Martin. 1974. Education as Cultural Imperialism. New York: David MacKay.Google Scholar
Chan, Johannes M.M., and Kerr, Douglas. 2016. “Academic freedom, political interference and public accountability: the Hong Kong experience.” Journal of Academic Freedom 7, 1–21, https://www.aaup.org/reports-publications/journal-academic-freedom/volume-7. Accessed 10 January 2019.Google Scholar
Chan, Lau Kit-ching. 2002. “The re-establishment of the university, 1945–1950.” In Kit-ching, Chan Lau and Cunich, Peter (eds.), An Impossible Dream: Hong Kong University from Foundation to Re-establishment, 1910–1950. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 241–265.Google Scholar
Cheung, Gary Ka-wai. 2009. Hong Kong's 1967 Riots. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Chinese University of Hong Kong. 1965. “Ordinance, Cap. 1109,” http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/items/show/3586. Accessed 5 November 2018.Google Scholar
Cunich, Peter. 2002. “University finances, 1911–1941.” In Kit-ching, Chan Lau and Cunich, Peter (eds.), An Impossible Dream: Hong Kong University from Foundation to Re-establishment, 1910–1950. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 193–212.Google Scholar
Cunich, Peter. 2012. A History of the University of Hong Kong Vol. I, 1911–1945. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Education Bureau. 2012. “EDB's statement on moral and national education subject.” Press release, 10 September, https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201209/10/P201209100606.htm. Accessed 19 December 2018.Google Scholar
Education Bureau. 2018. “Institutions,” 8 November, https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/postsecondary/local-higher-edu/institutions/index.html. Accessed 19 April 2019.Google Scholar
Education Commission. 1988. “Report No. 3: the structure of tertiary education and the future of private schools,” https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/about-edb/publications-stat/major-reports/ecr3_e.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2018.Google Scholar
Education Ordinance. 1913. Available at Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online, http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/items/show/1531.Google Scholar
Government Secretariat. 1981. The Hong Kong Education System: Overall Review of the Hong Kong Education System. Hong Kong: Government Printer. https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/about-edb/publications-stat/major-reports/edsys_e.pdf.Google Scholar
Hayhoe, Ruth. 1989. “China's universities and Western academic models.” Higher Education 18(1), 49–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayhoe, Ruth. 1994. “Ideas of higher learning, East and West: conflicting values in the development of the Chinese university.” Minerva 32(4), 361–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayhoe, Ruth. 1996. China's Universities 1895–1995: A Century of Cultural Conflict. New York: Garland Press.Google Scholar
HKUST (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology). 2018. “Engineering people,” https://www.seng.ust.hk/web/eng/people.php.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute. 2020. “Hong Kong chief executive and government popularity and public sentiment report,” 26 May, https://www.pori.hk/chi/press-release/2020/20200526-chi. Accessed 31 May 2020.Google Scholar
Horn, Murray. 1995. The Political Economy of Public Administration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Independent Investigation Panel. 2000. “Report to the Council of the University of Hong Kong,” 26 August (mimeo).Google Scholar
Kan, Flora L.F. 2007. Hong Kong's Chinese History Curriculum from 1945: Politics and Identity. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, Chris, and Lam, Jeffie. 2019. “Occupy leaders found guilty over role in Hong Kong's umbrella movement.” South China Morning Post, 9 April, https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3005312/occupy-leaders-found-guilty-over-role-hong-kongs-2014. Accessed 22 April 2019.Google Scholar
Law, Wing Sang. 2009. Collaborative Colonial Power: The Making of the Hong Kong Chinese. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Law, Wing-Wah. 2017. “Higher education in post-1997 Hong Kong: politics, academic freedom, and civic engagement.” In Postiglione, Gerard A. and Jung, Jisun (eds.), The Changing Academic Profession in Hong Kong. Springer International, 47–49.Google Scholar
Lee, Ada. 2012. “Pupils and parents protest against national education.” South China Morning Post, 29 August, https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1024779/pupils-and-parents-protest-against-national-education. Accessed 19 December 2018Google Scholar
Legislative Council. 1911. Hansard, 23 February, 12, https://www.legco.gov.hk/1911/h110223.pdf. Accessed 4 November 2018.Google Scholar
Legislative Council. 1964. Hansard, 16 March, https://www.legco.gov.hk/1964/h640316.pdf.Google Scholar
Legislative Council. 1965. Hansard, 26 May, 328, https://www.legco.gov.hk/1965/h650526.pdf. Accessed 5 November 2018.Google Scholar
Legislative Council. 2015a. Official Record of Proceedings, 12 February.Google Scholar
Legislative Council. 2015b. Official Record of Proceedings, 25 February, 7058-60, https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr14-15/english/counmtg/hansard/cm20150225-translate-e.pdf. Accessed 10 January 2019.Google Scholar
Legislative Council. 2018. Official Record of Proceedings, 16 May, 10171-77.Google Scholar
Legislative Council Finance Committee. 1971. “Criteria for the establishment of university academic and administrative salaries head 81, subhead 7, item C1,” 21 July.Google Scholar
Legislative Council Finance Committee. 2003. “Item for Finance Committee head 190 – University Grants Committee.” FCR(2003-04)5, 11 April, para. 4, 3, https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr02-03/english/fc/fc/papers/f03-05e.pdf. Accessed 12 November 2018.Google Scholar
Legislative Council Public Accounts Committee. 2016. “Supplementary information,” 23 December, https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr16-17/english/pac/reports/67/app_15.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2018.Google Scholar
Legislative Council Standing Committee on Language Education and Research. 2003. “Consultation paper,” https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr02-03/english/panels/ed/papers/ed_actplan_e-scan.pdf. Accessed 19 December 2018.Google Scholar
Li, Jun. 2019. “Autonomy, governance and the Chinese university 3.0: a zhong-yong model in comparison.” Paper presented at the workshop “Change, Contradiction and the State: Higher Education in Greater China,” Chinese University of Hong Kong, 29 April 2019.Google Scholar
Lugard, Frederick D. 1910a. Hong Kong University: Objects, History, Present Position. Hong Kong: Noronha.Google Scholar
Lugard, Frederick D. 1910b. “The Hong Kong University.” The Nineteenth Century 68(404) October, 647–654Google Scholar
Mazrui, Ali. 1978. Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Mellor, Bernard. 1980. The University of Hong Kong: An Informal History. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Ka-ho, Mok. 2016. “Massification of higher education, graduate employment, and social mobility in the Greater China Region.” British Journal of the Sociology of Education 37(1), 51–71.Google Scholar
Morris, Paul. 2009. “Education, politics and the state in Hong Kong.” In Lall, Marie and Vickers, Edward (eds.), Education as a Political Tool in Asia. Abingdon: Routledge, 83–101.Google Scholar
Morris, Paul. 2010. “Academic freedom, university governance, and the state: the Commission of Inquiry into the Hong Kong Institute of Education.” Journal of Education Policy 25(5), 587–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, Lun Ngai-ha Alice. 1967. Educational Policy and the Public Response in Hong Kong, 1842–1913. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Ng, Lun Ngai-ha Alice (ed.). 1994. The Quest for Excellence: A History of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1963 to 1993. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Office of the Chief Executive. 2015. “Uphold the rule of law, seize the opportunities, make the right choices.” Policy address, 14 January, https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2015/eng/p8.html.Google Scholar
Postiglione, Gerard. 2011. “The rise of research universities: the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.” In Altbach, Philip G. and Sami, Jamil (eds.), The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-class Research Universities. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 63–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postiglione, Gerard. 2017. “China's Hong Kong and the changing state of academic freedom.” Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Priestly, Kenneth. 1962. “Changing aims.” In Harrison, Brian (ed.), The First Fifty Years. University of Hong Kong 1911–1961. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 93–102.Google Scholar
Pruvol, Enora Bennelot, and Estermann, Thomas. 2017. University Autonomy in Europe III: The Scorecard 2017. Brussels: European University Association. http://www.eua.be/Libraries/publications/University-Autonomy-in-Europe-2017. Accessed 27 August 2018.Google Scholar
Review Panel on University Governance. 2017. “Report” (Grant Report), February, http://www.gs.hku.hk/Grant_Report_and_Addendum.pdf.Google Scholar
Review Panel on University Governance and Management. 2003. “Fit for purpose: a review of governance and management structures at the University of Hong Kong” (Niland Report), February, https://www.hku.hk/about/governance/purpose_report.html. Accessed 10 January 2019.Google Scholar
Sayre, G.R. 1985. Hong Kong 1862–1919: Years of Discretion. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Stock, Francis. 1962. “A new beginning.” In Harrison, Brian (ed.), University of Hong Kong: The First 50 Years 1911–1961. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 89.Google Scholar
Sun, Nikki. 2016. “Hong Kong urged to ramp up research spending to 4 per cent of GDP to keep pace with rivals.” South China Morning Post, 8 September, https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/economy/article/2017715/hong-kong-urged-ramp-research-spending-4-cent-gdp-keep-pace.Google Scholar
Sweeting, Anthony (ed.). 1990. “Report of the (1937) University Committee.” In Education in Hong Kong pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and Opinion. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 437–450.Google Scholar
Tsang, Steve. 2004. A Modern History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
University Grants Committee. 1996. “Higher education in Hong Kong – a report by the University Grants Committee,” October, http://www.ugc.edu.hk/eng/ugc/about/publications/report/hervw/ch6.html. Accessed 27 August 2018.Google Scholar
University Grants Committee. 2002. “Higher education in Hong Kong,” March (Sutherland Report), https://www.ugc.edu.hk/doc/eng/ugc/publication/report/her/hereport.pdf.Google Scholar
University Grants Committee. 2013. “Annual report, 2012–13,” https://www.ugc.edu.hk/doc/eng/ugc/publication/report/AnnualRpt1213/06.pdf.Google Scholar
University Grants Committee. 2015. “Governance of UGC-funded higher education institutions in Hong Kong” (Newby Report), September, https://www.ugc.edu.hk/doc/eng/ugc/publication/report/report20160330/full.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2018.Google Scholar
University Grants Committee. 2016. “UGC notes on procedures,” November, https://www.ugc.edu.hk/doc/eng/ugc/note/Chapter1.pdf. Accessed 5 November 2018.Google Scholar
University Grants Committee. 2017. “UGC notes on procedures,” https://www.ugc.edu.hk/doc/eng/ugc/note/Full.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2018.Google Scholar
University of Hong Kong 2018. “Quick stats,” https://www.cpao.hku.hk/qstats/staff-profilesGoogle Scholar
University of Hong Kong Students Union. 2015. “Statement issued in response to chief executive CY Leung's unfounded criticism of Undergrad in policy address.” Undergrad, 14 January, https://www.undergrad.hk/6720. Accessed 30 August 2020.Google Scholar
Wong, Joshua, and Ngo, Jeffrey. 2016. “How China stripped Hong Kong of its right to self-determination in 1972 – and distorted history.” Hong Kong Free Press, 6 November, https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/11/08/china-stripped-hong-kong-right-self-determination-1972-distorted-history/.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2015. “Research and development data,” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?view=chart.Google Scholar
Yeung, Chun-kuen, and Lee, Jark Pui. 2007. “Report of the Commission of Inquiry on allegations relating to the Hong Kong Institute of Education,” June, https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/government/policy/government_reports/reports/docs/HKIEd.pdf, 1–2. Accessed 19 April 2019.Google Scholar
Yeung, Linda. 2002. “Mainland students to study at HKU in pilot scheme.” South China Morning Post, 29 June, https://www.scmp.com/article/383637/mainland-students-study-hku-pilot-scheme. Accessed 30 August 2020.Google Scholar