1. Report of an interview detailing with part of her life and work may be found in Zhikuan, Li and Ruzhen, Song, “Balu mama” (“Mother of the Eighth Route Army”), in Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei xuanchuanbu and Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei dangshi bangongshi (ed.), Wuxiang fenghuo (The Flames of War in Wuxiang) (Licheng: Licheng CCP Committee, 1985), Vol. 1, p. 535.Google Scholar

2. Though now somewhat confusingly Shexian is in South-west Hebei. Boundaries were adjusted after the end of the War of Resistance to Japan in 1945.

3. The Taihang Base Area, particularly in the form of the base area committee of the CCP, went through a number of different name changes during 1937–45. For the sake of convenience and clarity all will be referred to by the name that applied at the end of the war: the Taihang Base Area.

4. Goodman, David S.G. “JinJiLu Yu in the Sino-Japanese War: the border region and the border region government,” The China Quarterly, No. 140 (12 1994), p. 1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Shanxi sheng shizhi yanjiuyuan (ed.), Zhongguo gongchandang Shanxi lishi dashijisu (1976.10–1992.12) (CCP Historical Record of Events in Shanxi, October 1976-December 1992) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1995), pp. 298–99.Google Scholar

6. The activities of the Taihang Base Area had been more publicly celebrated than most other base areas outside Yan'an between 1949 and the mid-1960s. However, its reputation was always sidelined by Mao Zedong's vision of CCP history, and became completely submerged from 1965 until the late 1980s. On the historiography of the North China base areas, see Chongyi, Feng and Goodman, David S.G. “Explaining revolution,” in Chongyi, Feng and Goodman, David S.G. (eds.), North China at War: The Social Ecology of Revolution, 1937–1945 (Latham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000)Google Scholar. Probably the two best known publications about the Taihang Base Area from the 1950s and 1960s are: Wu, Qi, Yige geming genjudi de chengzhang: KangRi zhanzheng he jiefang zhanzheng shiqi de JinJiLuYu Bianqu gaikuang (The Transformation of a Revolutionary Base Area: An Outline of the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Border Region during the War of Resistance and the War of Liberation) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1957)Google Scholar; and Taihang renjia (Taihang People) (Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe, 1964).Google Scholar

7. Youru, Tian “Taihang kangRi genjudi shi yanjiu songshu” (“Research on the history of the Taihang Anti-Japanese Base Area”), Dangshi tongxun (Newsletter on Party History), No. 353 (No. 7, 1987), p. 39.Google Scholar

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9. See, for example: Taihang geming genjudishi zongbian weihui (ed.), Qunzhong yundong (The Mass Movement) Taihang geming genjudi shiliao congshu No.7 (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1989), especially pp. 409–471.Google Scholar

10. Liu Hulan is of course considerably and nationally better known. However, her heroism was from the Civil War.

11. The most comprehensive account of this period is van Slyke, Lyman “The Chinese Communist Movement during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–45,” in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13, Republican China, 1912–1949, Part II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), ch. 12, p. 609CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an example of such comments in a recently-published study of a specific base area, see: Keating, Pauline B, Two Revolutions: Village Reconstruction and the Cooperative Movement in Northern Shaanxi 1934–1945 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

12. Chang-ming, Hua, La condition feminine et les communistes chinoises en action: Yan'an, 1935–1946 (Paris: Éditions de l'Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1981)Google Scholar; Stranahan, Patricia, Yan'an Women and the Communist Party (Berkeley: University of California, Institute of East Asian Studies, 1983).Google Scholar

13. Kazuko, Ono, Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution, 1850–1950 (edited by Fogel, Joshua A) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989 (original publication, 1978), pp. 161–170.Google Scholar

14. Croll, Elisabeth, Feminism and Socialism in China (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), pp. 185–222Google Scholar; Davin, Delia, “Women in the liberated areas,” in Young, Marilyn B. (ed.). Women in China (Michigan: University of Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies, 1973), pp. 73–87Google Scholar; Stacey, Judith, Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 108–157.Google Scholar

15. Johnson, Kay Ann, Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in China (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1983), pp. 63–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16. See, for example, and in addition to the already cited sources: Andors, Phyllis, The Unfinished Revolution of Chinese Women (Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 23 ffGoogle Scholar; and Davin, Delia, Woman-Work: Women and the Party in Revolutionary China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 32 ff.Google Scholar

17. Johnson, , Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution, p. 65Google Scholar. See, also, more generally, Davin, “Women in the liberated areas,” pp. 73–87Google Scholar; and Croll, , Feminism and Socialism, pp. 202 ff.Google Scholar

18. Smedley, Agnes, Battle Hymn of China (London: Gollancz, 1943)Google Scholar, “The women take a hand,” pp. 190 ffGoogle Scholar; Snow, Helen Foster (Nym Wales), The Chinese Communists: Sketches and Autobiographies of the Old Guard (Westport, CN: Greenwood, 1972)Google Scholar, Part 7 Women, pp. 199–266.Google Scholar

19. Gilmartin, Christina Kelley, Engendering the Chinese Revolution: Radical Women, Communist Politics, and Mass Movements in the 1920s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).Google Scholar

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21. Selden, Mark, China in Revolution: The Yenan Way Revisited (New York: ME. Sharpe, 1995)Google Scholar; Feng, and Goodman, , North China at War.Google Scholar

22. In the Taihang Base Area, for example, the original organizational genesis of its civilian structures was the Beiping-Wuhan Railway CCP Committee which sent 31 activists, all male, to the region at the start of the war. They recruited several hundred other urban intellectuals, including many teachers, and formed the backbone of the CCP's organization to the end of the war. As Li Xuefeng, the ranking CCP secretary for the Taihang Base Area for all but a couple of months of the war, pointed out: “Many leading cadres are urban intellectuals. When they first came they knew little about the rural areas and the peasants, and nothing about peasants, peasant cadres or worker-peasant cadres.” It was a heady mix: “Whether deliberately or not, they hurt the peasants and local cadres through their city views and absolutist interpretations of Marxism.” Reported verbatim, in qudangwei, Zhonggong Taihang, Taihang quwei diliuci zuzhihui jilu (Minutes of the Sixth Organizational Conference of the Taihang Region Party Committee), 02–03 1945, 8 03 1945, 8 03 1945, p. 67Google Scholar. For further information on the social composition of the Taihang CCP, see Goodman, David S.G., Social and Political Change in Revolutionary China: The Taihang Base Area in the War of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945 (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000Google Scholar, especially ch.1, “Base area and border region.”

23. Teiwes, Frederick C. and Sun, Warren, “From a Leninist to a charismatic party: the CCP's changing leadership, 1937–1945,” in Saich, Tony and van de Ven, Hans (eds.), New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 339.Google Scholar

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27. Bo Yibo was the leader of the “Open” Shanxi Provincial Committee of the CCP, and had made the arrangements with Yan Xishan that led to the establishment of the Sacrifice League.

28. Taihang geming genjudishi zongbian weihui (ed.), Taihang geming genjudi shigao (Outline History of the Taihang Revolutionary Base Area) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1987), pp. 134–36.Google Scholar

29. This figure excludes CCP members serving in the Eighth Route Army or offices of the North China Bureau of the CCP based in the Taihang Base Area.

30. Zhonggong JinJiYu qudangwei, “Zuzhi gongzuo baogao” (“Report on organization work”), 1 08 1941Google Scholar, in danganguan, Shanxisheng (ed.), Taihang dangshi ziliao huibian (Collection of Materials on the History of the Party in the Taihang Base Area) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1994), Vol. 4, 1941, p. 544–46.Google Scholar

31. Isabel, and Crook, David, Revolution in a Chinese Village: Ten Mile Inn (London: Routledge, 1959), p. 7.Google Scholar

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34. Zhonggong JinJiYu qudangwei “Guanyu Wuxiang gongzuode yijian” (“Opinions on Wuxiang's Work”), 07 1940Google Scholar, in danganguan, Shanxisheng, Collection of Materials, Vol. 3, 1940, p. 509.Google Scholar

35. Youru, Tian “Outline history of reform,” p. 4.Google Scholar

36. There are different versions of this same intent. See, for example: Zhonggong Shanxisheng Wuxiang xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Zhonggong Wuxiang jianshi (An Introductory History to the CCP in Wuxiang) (Wuxiang: Zhonggong Shanxisheng Wuxiang xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, 1990), p. 3.Google Scholar

37. Taihang geming genjudishi zongbian weihui (ed.), Tudi wenti (The Land Question) Taihang geming genjudi shiliao congshu No. 5 (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1987), pp. 86–88.Google Scholar

38. Zhonggong Shanxisheng Wuxiang xianwei zuzhibu, Zhonggong Shanxisheng Wuxiang xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Shanxisheng Wuxiangxian danganju (ed.), Zhongguo gongchandang Shanxisheng Wuxiangxian zuzhi shi ziliao 1933.8–1993.12 (Organizational History of the CCP in Wuxiang County, Shanxi, 1933–1993) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1994), p. 16Google Scholar; Sanyou, Wu “Huiyi zhongde nongmin kangzhaituan” (“Recalling the peasants refusal league”), in Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei xuanchuanbu and Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei dangshi bangongshi. The Flames of War in Wuxiang, Vol. 1, p. 63Google Scholar; Gillin, , Warlord Yen Hsi-shan, p. 229.Google Scholar

39. Yutang, Wang “Zhengdun huifu Wuxiang dangzhuzhi jianyi” (“A concise recollection of the resumption and restoration of the CCP's organization in Wuxiang”)Google Scholar, in Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei xuanchuanbu and Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei dangshi bangongshi, The Flames of War in Wuxiang, Vol. 1, p. 87.Google Scholar

40. Details from Lai Ruoyu's comments to Taihang Sixth Organizational Work Conference, 1 March 1945, in Zhonggong Taihang qudangwei, Minutes of the Sixth Organizational Conference, p. 30Google Scholar; and Wuxiangxian xianzhi bianji weiyuanhui bangongshi (ed.), Wuxiang xianzhi (The Record of Wuxiang County) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1986), pp. 667–688.Google Scholar

41. Ibid. p. 303; Zeng Ke “Nu she ji shou” (“Women fighters”), in Shanxisheng Wuxiangxian funu lianhehui (ed.), Wuxiang funu yundong shiliao xuanbian (Selected Materials from the Women's Movement in Wuxiang) (Wuxiang, 1982), p. 130.Google Scholar

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44. See, for example, articles from Xinhua ribao reprinted in Shanxisheng Wuxiangxian funu lianhehui, Selected Materials from the Women's Movement: Zhikuan, Li “Yingxiong muqin” (“Heroic mother”), p. 196Google Scholar; Fengru, Zhang and Zhikuan, Li “Geming mama Bao Lianzi” (“Revolutionary mother Bao Lianzi”), p. 205.Google Scholar

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47. Guishu, Ma, “Wuxiang dashengchanzhong lingdao yu qongzhong jiehede jingyan” (“The experience of unity between masses and leadership in Wuxiang during the Great Production Campaign”)Google Scholar, in Wuxiangxian xianzhi bianji weiyuanhui bangongshi, The Record of Wuxiang County, pp. 870 ff.Google Scholar

48. Zhonggong Shanxisheng Wuxiang xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, An Introductory History to the CCP in Wuxiang, pp. 140–43Google Scholar. See, for example: Yunsheng, Li “Fangzhi yingxiong Shi Liuxian” (“Weaving hero Shi Liuxian”)Google Scholar, in Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei xuanchuanbu and Zhonggong Wuxiang xianwei dangshi bangongshi, The Flames of War in Wuxiang, Vol. 2, p. 520.Google Scholar

49. Information on leadership is taken from Zhonggong Shanxisheng Wuxiang xianwei zuzhibu, Zhonggong Shanxisheng Wuxiang xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Shanxisheng Wuxiangxian danganju, Organizational History of the CCP in Wuxiang County, pp. 28–88.Google Scholar

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57. Ibid. p. 501; Bu'an, Li (ed.), Licheng zhilue (Licheng Chronicle) (Beijing: Renwen chubanshe, 1993), pp. 477 and 485.Google Scholar

58. Huan, Liu “Licheng jiandang chuqide yidian qingkuang” (“A view of the early establishment of the Party in Licheng”), 4 01 1987Google Scholar, in Taihang geming genjudishi zongbian weihui (ed.). Dang de jianshe (Party Development) Taihang geming genjudi shiliao congshu No. 2 (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1989), pp. 644 ff.Google Scholar

59. Zhonggong Shanxisheng Licheng xianwei zuzhibu, Zhonggong Shanxisheng Licheng xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Shanxisheng Licheng xian danganju (ed.), Zhongguo gongchandang Shanxi sheng Licheng xian zuzhishi ziliao 1937–1987 (Organizational History of Licheng County, Shanxi Province CCP, 1937–1987) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1993), p. 56.Google Scholar

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61. The report on the incident was produced for the Taihang Base Area CCP as Zhonggong JinJiYu qudangwei Licheng kaochatuan, Report of the Investigation into the Sixth Trigram Movement Incident.Google Scholar

62. A fuller account of the Licheng Rebellion, including discussion of its religious aspects, may be found in Goodman, David S. G. “The Licheng Rebellion of 1941,” Modern China, Vol.23, No.2 (04 1997), p. 216CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For discussion of its possible antecedents, see Naquin, Susan, Millenarian Rebellion in China: The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813 (Yale: Yale University Press, 1976), especially pp. 38 ff.Google Scholar

63. Zhonggong Shanxisheng Licheng xianwei zuzhibu, Zhonggong Shanxisheng Licheng xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Shanxisheng Licheng xian danganju, Organizational History of Licheng County, p. 56.Google Scholar

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66. Ibid, includes details of interviews with three armed women participants, p. 67, p. 72, p. 81.

67. Zhonggong Shanxisheng Licheng xianwei zuzhibu, Zhonggong Shanxisheng Licheng xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Shanxisheng Licheng xian danganju, Organizational History of Licheng County, p. 56.Google Scholar

68. JinJiYu qu funu qiuguo lianhe zonghui “Guanyu ‘Fandui maimaihun zhengqu zizhuhun’ de chubu zongjie” (“Preliminary summary on ‘opposing the trade in brides and striving to ensure freedom of choice in marriage’”), 31 08 1942Google Scholar, Taihang geming genjudishi zongbian weihui (ed.), Qunzhong yundong (The Mass Movement), Taihang geming genjudi shiliao congshu No. 7 (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1989), p. 419.Google Scholar

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72. Zhonggong JinJiYu qudangwei, Report of an Investigation into Liaoxian, pp. 19–20.Google Scholar

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74. Zhonggong Shanxisheng Zuoquan xianwei zuzhibu, Zhonggong Shanxisheng Zuoquan xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Shanxisheng Zuoquan xian danganju (ed.), Zhongguo gongchandang Shanxisheng Zuoquan xian zuzhishi ziliao 1937.10–1987.10 (Organizational History of the CCP in Zuoquan County, Shanxi, 1937–1987) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1992), p. 89.Google Scholar

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79. Zhonggong Shanxisheng Zuoquanxian dangshi yanjiushi (ed.), Zhonggong Zuoquanxian lishi dashijishu 1937.7–1949.9 (Historical Chronology of the CCP in Zuoquan County 1937–1949) (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1993), p. 211.Google Scholar

80. Ibid. p. 34; Zhonggong Shanxisheng Zuoquan xianwei zuzhibu, Zhonggong Shanxisheng Zuoquan xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, Shanxisheng Zuoquan xian danganju, Organizational History of the CCP in Zuoquan County, pp. 17–21.Google Scholar

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85. Zhonggong JinJiYu qudangwei, “Guanyu jiaqiang qunzhong gongzuode jueding” (“Decision on strengthening mass work”), 15 02 1941, in Taihang geming genjudishi zongbian weihui (ed.), Qunzhong yundong (The Mass Movement), Taihang geming genjudi shiliao congshu No. 7 (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chubanshe, 1989), p. 162.Google Scholar

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88. Ibid. pp. 247–48; Fuwei, Taihang, “Funu gongzuo chubu yanjiu” (“Preliminary research on women's work”), 4 10 1945Google Scholar, in Taihang geming genjudishi zongbian weihui, The Mass Movement, p. 434.Google Scholar

89. Zhongguo gongchandang Zuoquan xianwei dangshi yanjiushi, A Brief History of the CCP in Zuoquan County, pp. 265–67.Google Scholar

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