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5. See, for example, Reginald E. Stubbs to Winston Churchill, Secretary of State for the Colonies, tel., 28 February 1922; Stubbs to Churchill, tel., received by the Colonial Office on 11 March 1922, Colonial Office (hereafter CO) 129/474. Also see Mattock, Katherine and Cheshire, Jill, The Story of the Government House (Hong Kong: Studio Publications Limited, 1994), p. 81.Google Scholar

6. Coates, P. D., The China Consuls (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 455.Google Scholar Also see Jamieson, J. W. to SirAlston, Beilby, British Minister in Beijing, desp. 7, 11 03 1922Google Scholar, enclosed in Jamiesen to Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, received by Foreign Office on 14 April 1922, CO129/477.

7. Alston, to Curzon, , desp. 141, 6 03 1922, CO 129/477.Google Scholar

8. See, for example, General Officer Commanding Hong Kong to War Office, 11 March 1922, CO129/478.

9. See extracts from China Station General Letter No.200, covering the period 28 January to 27 March 1922, in Admiralty to Colonial Office, 19 May 1922, CO 129/477.

10. Britain's anti-Sun Yat-sen stance went back to the end of the 19th century; see Kit-ching, Chan Lau, Anglo-Chinese Diplomacy 1906–1920 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1978).Google Scholar

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12. Drage, Charles, Taikoo (London: Constable & Co. Ltd., 1970), p. 232.Google Scholar

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18. For example, Minrui, Jiang, Guangdong haiyuan de guanghui licheng (The Glorious History of the Guangdong Seamen) (Guangzhou: Guangdong gaodeng jiaoyu chubanshe, 1987), pp. 18–19.Google Scholar

19. Kwan, Chan Wai, The Making of Hong Kong Society, Appendixes I(b) and I(c), pp. 212–220.Google Scholar

20. Appendix II in ibid. pp. 221–22.

21. The Colonial Office source is used for treatment of Lau's attitude in ibid. pp. 189–190. Also see Fuzhong, Liu et al. , Liugong Zhubai xingshu (A Brief Biography of the Late Lau Chu Pak) (Xianggang: n.p., 1922), p. 9a.Google Scholar

22. Such anti-Sun attitude persisted after the strike; for example, Huazi ribao, 13, 16, 18 05, 9 06, 4 07 and 9 10 1922.Google Scholar

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24. Aglen, to Bowra, E. C., in charge of the Customs' London office, 11 03 1924Google Scholar, in Confidential Letters from I.G. 1921–1926, Aglen Papers, MS English 211355, School of Oriental and African Studies Library.

25. For example, Holubnychy, L., Michael Borodin and the Chinese Revolution, 1923–1925 (New York: East Asian Institute, Columbia University, 1979), p. 434.Google Scholar

26. Giles to Sir Ronald Macleay, British minister in Beijing, in Macleay to James Ramsay MacDonald, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, desp. 56, conf., 6 September, in Foreign Office to Colonial Office, 1 November 1924, CO 129/486.

27. The account of the events following the arrival of the Hav at Guangzhou is based on, unless indicated otherwise, Kit-ching, Chan Lau, China, Britain and Hong Kong 1895–1945, pp. 162–67.Google Scholar

28. Jinzhou, He, “Qingniantuan zai xiezhu dangzuzhi gongtuanjun, nongmin ziweijun pingding shangtuan panluan zhong de zuoyong” (“The role of the youth corps in assisting the communist Labour Corps Army and the Peasant Self-defence Army in the suppression of the rebellion of the Merchant Corps”), in Guangdong qingyun shiliao yu yanjiu (Historical Materials and Study of the Youth Movement in Guangdong), Vol. V (1984), pp. 30–34.Google Scholar

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31. Huazi ribao, 22 08 1924.Google Scholar The ban was reported by the South China Morning Post; see, for example, 25 August and 1 September 1924. For details regarding the wide circulation of Hong Kong Chinese papers in Guangzhou, see Youlan, Lin, “Xianggang baoye fazhan shilue (chugao)” (“A brief history of the development of Hong Kong newspapers (first draft”), in Baoxue (Journalism), Vol. II, No. 10 (1962), p. 111.Google Scholar

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34. For some days even before the actual eruption of the strike, the newspaper had published articles drawing attention to the danger of communism; for example, South China Morning Post, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 06 1925.Google Scholar

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37. R.H. Kotewall's memorandum to Sir Claud Severn, Colonial Secretary in Hong Kong, 24 October 1925, in CO968/120/40135. Also see South China Morning Post, 20 06 1925.Google Scholar

38. Kotewall's memorandum, ibid. Also see Huaqiao ribao, 19 and 20 06 1925.Google Scholar

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43. For example, Bing, Shi, “Deng Zhongxia” (“Deng Zhongxia”), in Zhongguo gongren yundong de xianqu (The Forerunner of the Chinese Labour Movement) (Beijing: Gongren yundong chubanshe, 1983), Vol. 2, p. 76Google Scholar; and Zhiwen, Chen, “Dageming shiqi Guangdong renmin fandi fanfengjian douzheng” (“The anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism struggle in Guangdong during the great revolution”), in Guangzhou wenshi ziliao (Literary and Historical Materials on Guangzhou), No. 21 (1980), p. 14.Google Scholar

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45. See letter from the employees to the directors of the Tung Wah Hospital, 8 July 1925, in Gechu xinbu (Correspondence with Various Places), 1925Google Scholar, in the Tung Wah Hospital Archives.

46. Butterfield and Swire (Hong Kong) to Butterfield and Swire (London) 25 June and 3 July 1925, in Swire Papers, JSS II2/4, Box 40, deposited in the School of Oriental and African Studies Library.

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49. Barker, , Change and Continuity, p. 68.Google Scholar Also see Huaqiao ribao, 23 06 1925.Google Scholar

50. For the two merchant organizations, see Cangbai, Mo, “Bagong hou zhi Xianggang” in Guangdong zhexue shehui kexue yianjiu suo lishi yianjiushi, Shenggang dabagong ziliao (Sources on the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Strike-Boycott), in Zhongguo xiandai gemingshi ziliao congkan (Materials on the Revolutionary History of Modern China Series) (Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe, 1980), p. 767.Google Scholar While the Hong Kong Association of the 24 Guilds did not appear to publish a regular paper, it published on special occasions, for example, Hegong Zesheng aisilu (Volume Published in Commemoration of He Zesheng) (Xianggang: Xianggang ershisi hangshang lienhehui, 1926).Google Scholar

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54. Stubbs to Amery, tel., priority, very secret and immediate, 27 July 1925, in CO 129/488. Also see Bamett, Martin, Tramlines: The Story of the Hong Kong Tramway System (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Ltd., 1984), p. 47.Google Scholar

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56. Butterfield and Swire (Hong Kong) to Butterfield and Swire (London), 24 July 1925 in Swire Papers, JSS II 2/4, Box 40.

57. Hutcheon, , SCMP: The First Eighty Years, p. 53.Google Scholar

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61. For instance, on Labour Day, half a month after the Party Purge Movement began, the Huazi ribao published a series of five articles on the cruel and persecutionary policies of the Russian communist authorities, 1–5 May 1927.

62. South China Morning Post, 8 06 1927.Google Scholar

63. Chen, Albert H.Y., “The development of immigration law and policy: the Hong Kong experience,” McGill Law Journal, Vol. 33, No. 4 (1988), p. 636.Google Scholar

64. See, for example, Huazi ribao, 16, 21 06, 5, 16, 23 07 1927.Google Scholar

65. jinianguan, Nanchang bayi (ed.), Nanchang qiyi (The Nanchang Uprising), in Zhongguo gongchandang lishi ziliao congkan (Historical Materials on the CCP Series) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi ziliao chubanshe, 1987), pp. 41–43, 48–49, 51–52.Google Scholar

66. Xinyu, Ye, “Dui Zhou Enlai zai Chaoshan geming huodong de jidian renshi”Google Scholar (“A few points on Zhou Enlai's revolutionary activities in Chaoshan”), in Zhonggong Guangdong shengwei dangshi yanjiu weiyuanhui bangongshi (ed.), Zhou Enlai tongzhi zai Chaoshan (Comrade Zhou Enlai in Chaoshan), in Guangdongsheng dangshi ziliao congkan (Historical Materials on the Chinese Communist Party in Guangdong Series) (Shantou: n.p., 1985), Vol. 1, p. 91.Google Scholar

67. For example, Huazi ribao, 4, 7, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 10 1927.Google Scholar

68. Guixia, Fan, “Zai Zhou zongli shenbian de huiyi” (“Recollection of the time with Premier Zhou”), in Guangzhou wenshi ziliao, Vol. 20 (1980), pp. 6–9, 11–13.Google Scholaryanjiushi, Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian (ed.), Zhou Enlai nianpu yibajiuba-yijiusijiu (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1990), p. 127.Google Scholar

69. Even The Times, far away in London, reported with the help of a map on the outbreak of the uprising, 13 December 1927.

70. China Mail, 12 12 1927.Google Scholar

71. For example, China Mail, 12 12 1927Google Scholar; South China Morning Post, 13, 14, 15 12 1927Google Scholar; Hong Kong Daily Press, 12, 15 12 1927.Google Scholar

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73. A good collection of newspaper cuttings of this nature is found in the papers of Jay Calvin Huston, United States consul-general at Guangzhou at the time of the uprising, housed in the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

74. For details of the suppression of the uprising, see, for example, Huaqiao ribao, 13, 14 12 1927.Google Scholar Also see China Mail, 13 12 1927Google Scholar; Hong Kong Daily Press, 15 12 1927.Google Scholar

75. Chen Qingyun to Guangzhou National Government, July 1931, Quan zonghao 3/1/386 (Quanzong series #3/1/386), pp. 2–3, Guangdong danganguan.

76. References in the local newspapers in this connection are too numerous to cite individually.

77. Kit-ching, Chan Lau, From Nothing to Nothing: The Chinese Communist Movement and Hong Kong 1921–1936 (London: C. Hurst & Co., 1999), pp. 176–189.Google Scholar

78. Huazi ribao, 15 04 1922.Google Scholar For reporting on large-scale police action during the first half or so of 1931, see same paper, for example, 24, 26 March, 9 April, 15 May 1931.

79. For example, Huazi ribao, 12 03 1931.Google Scholar

80. For example, Huazi ribao, 25 07 1928.Google Scholar

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